Coal Diver Everything you wanted to know about coal, but were afraid to ask.

This is a text-only version of the document "EIA - State Coal Profiles - 1994". To see the original version of the document click here.
DOE/EIA-0576 Distribution Category UC-98

State Coal Profiles

January 1994

Energy Information Administration Office of Coal, Nuclear, Electric and Alternate Fuels U.S. Department of Energy Washington, DC 20585

This report was prepared by the Energy Information Administration, the independent statistical and analytical agency within the Department of Energy. The information contained herein should not be construed as advocating or reflecting any policy position of the Department of Energy or of any other organization.

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Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Contacts
This report was prepared in the Supply Analysis Branch, Analysis and Systems Division, Office of Coal, Nuclear, Electric and Alternate Fuels. General information regarding this publication may be obtained from John Geidl, Director, Office of Coal, Nuclear, Electric and Alternate Fuels (202/254-5570); Robert M. Schnapp, Director, Analysis and Systems Division (202/254-5392); Betsy O'Brien, Chief, Supply Analysis Branch (202/254-5490); or B. D. Hong, (202/254-5365). Specific questions regarding the preparation and content of the report should be directed to Eugene R. Slatick (202/254-5384). Questions on current coal and other energy statistics should be directed to the National Energy Information Center (NEIC) (202/586-8800).

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

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Preface
Section 205 (a)(2) of the Department of Energy Organization Act of 1977 (Public Law 95-91) requires the Administrator of the Energy Information Administration (EIA) to carry out a central, comprehensive, and unified energy data and information program that will collect, evaluate, assemble, analyze, and disseminate data and information relevant to energy resources, reserves, and related economic and statistical infor-mation. As part of EIA's program to provide information on coal, this report, State Coal Profiles, summarizes basic information on the coal deposits, the development of the coal industry, and the use of coal in each of the 27 States with coal production in 1992. This information should serve as the basis for more detailed analyses of the role an individual State's coal resources and coal industry have in contributing to the Nation's coal requirements. The legislation that created EIA vested the organization with an element of statutory independence. EIA does not take positions on policy questions. EIA's responsibility is to provide timely, high-quality information and to perform objective, credible analyses.

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Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Illinois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 New Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Appendices A. National Rankings of Coal-Producing States and Percent of U.S. Total, 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 B. State Agencies and Other Organizations Concerned with Coal and Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

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Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Introduction
The purpose of State Coal Profiles is to provide basic information about the deposits, production, and use of coal in each of the 27 States with coal production in 1992. Although considerable information on coal has been published on a national level, there is a lack of a uniform overview for the individual States. This report is intended to help fill that gap and also to serve as a framework for more detailed studies. While focusing on coal output, State Coal Profiles shows that the coal-producing States are major users of coal, together accounting for about threefourths of total U.S. coal consumption in 1992. At one time or another, coal has been produced in nearly all of the 38 States with coal deposits. Historically, this production played an important role in the development of these States as well as in the Nation's growth and westward expansion. U.S. coal production has reached record levels, but not all coal-producing States have shared in this growth. The peak years of coal production in some States occurred many decades ago, whereas in other States the coal industry has been revitalized in recent times. These changes reflect shifts in the use of coal over the years. In the past, coal had a variety of uses. Large amounts were consumed for domestic heating, railroad fuel, as a source of heat for industrial processes, and as a source of coke for smelting iron ore for the iron and steel industry. Today, due to competition from other fuels and other sources of energy, coal is used mostly to generate electricity. Concern over environmental quality and the enactment of clean air legislation has led to the greater use of low-sulfur coal. This adversely affected production in States with lowquality coal, but rejuvenated the coal industry in States with environmentally acceptable coal. Advances in the technology for burning coal cleanly and for using it in new ways, such as a source of chemicals, could create future opportunities for coal development in some States.1 Each coal-producing State is profiled with a description of its coal deposits and a discussion of the development of its coal industry. Estimates of coal reserves in 1992 are categorized by mining method and sulfur content. Trends, patterns, and other information concerning production, number of mines, miners, productivity, mine price of coal, disposition, and consumption of coal are detailed in statistical tables for selected years from 1980 through 1992. In addition, coal's contribution to the State's estimated total energy consumption is given for 1991, the latest year for which data are available. A U.S. summary of all data is provided for comparing individual States with the Nation as a whole. Sources of information are given at the end of the tables. Also included are a graph showing annual coal production in each State from 1890 through 1992 and three maps. The first map shows the coal-producing counties in 1992, the approximate locations of coal-fired power plants, coke plants, and coal gasification plants that were active during the year, and the approximate extent of coal-bearing areas. The other maps show, for 1992, the domestic distribution of coal produced in each State and the domestic origin of the coal shipped to each coal-producing State. The appendices contain: (1) a table showing the 1992 national rankings of the coal-producing States for several categories of coal data, and (2) a list of addresses and telephone numbers of State agencies and other sources that can provide additional information about coal and current developments in each coal-producing State.

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

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The methane in coalbeds is produced commercially as an energy source in several States (e.g., Alabama, New Mexico, and Wyoming). Coalbed methane has become an important part of the U.S. reserves and production of natural gas, which is predominantly methane. A review of coalbed methane is beyond the scope of this report. For information, see “Coalbed Methane—State of the Industry,” Quarterly Review of Methane from Coal Seams Technology 11, 1 (August 1993), pp. 1-52; Energy Information Administration, “Update on U.S. Coalbed Methane Production,” Natural Gas Monthly October 1990, DOE/EIA-0130(90/10)(Washington, DC, December 1990), pp.1-15; and “U.S. Coalbed Methane Production,” Natural Gas Monthly January 1994, DOE/EIA-0130(94/01) (Washington, DC, January 1994), pp. 1-11.

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Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

State Coal Profile: Alabama
Coal is the most important mineral commodity produced in Alabama, based on value of production. In 1992, the State's output of coal represented nearly one- half of the total estimated value of all mineral commodities produced in the State, including crude oil and natural gas. Production from Federal coal leases generated nearly $1 million in royalties, which were disbursed equally to the State and Federal Governments. Large bituminous coal deposits occur in the northwestern part of the State. Lignite deposits, which are not mined, are scattered in the coastal plain in the South. The Warrior coalfield is the largest and most productive area. About 20 coalbeds are mined in the State, but most production is from the Blue Creek and Mary Lee coalbeds in the Warrior coalfield. These beds average 6 to 7 feet in thickness. Much of Alabama's coal can be converted into coke to make steel. Commercial coal production in Alabama began around 1832 and was probably from outcrops in the Black Warrior River in Tuscaloosa County. The coal was transported by barge to Mobile and sold in competition with coal imported from England. The State's first largescale underground mine, the Montevallo, was opened in Shelby County in 1856. By about 1870, the development of the iron and steel industry in Birmingham provided the opportunity to mine large deposits of coking coal in the area. To satisfy the demand for coal for this and other domestic markets, including the railroads, Alabama's coal output rose from 8 million short tons at the turn of the century to 21 million short tons in 1926 before falling to less than half that amount during the Depression. Production during World War II increased to 19 million short tons. Postwar production decreased as the pattern of coal use changed due to the dieselization of the railroads, competition from other fuels in the domestic market, and declining overseas markets. Production fell to about 10 million short tons in 1954 before beginning a generally upward trend. Initially supported by demand from the iron and steel industry, production is now largely sustained by the increased use of coal to generate electricity. Alabama's coal production was 26 million short tons in 1992. Underground mines have generally been the major sources of Alabama's coal production. Several of these mines are among the deepest in the United States, producing from about 2,000 feet. In 1992, the State's largest coal producer, with more than 2 million short tons, was the Blue Creek No. 4 underground mine of Jim Walter Resources, Inc., in Tuscaloosa County. Tuscaloosa, Walker, and Jefferson were the leading coal-producing counties. About 1 percent of Alabama's 1992 coal output was from Federal coal leases. In 1992, about three-fourths of Alabama's coal production was distributed to domestic markets and nearly onefourth was exported overseas. More than 90 percent of the coal produced for domestic use was consumed in Alabama. The State's coal consumption was 32 million short tons in 1992. Electric utilities have been Alabama's leading coal consumers since the 1960's, and their share of total consumption has grown steadily. More than twothirds of the utility coal received in 1992 was produced in the State, with most of the balance received from Kentucky. The largest coal-fired generating facility is the 2,690-megawatt James H. Miller, Jr., plant of Alabama Electric Power Company in Jefferson County. About half of the coking coal used in Alabama was produced in the State; West Virginia and Virginia supplied virtually all of the balance. More than half of the coal delivered to other industrial users was Alabama coal. The principal consumers in this sector were paper and pulp mills, cement and lime plants, and organic fiber manufacturers. The Customs District of Mobile ranked fifth in the Uni-ted States in coal exports in 1992, handling 7 million short tons, or 7 percent, of the U.S. total. Mobile is a shipping point for export coal produced in Alabama and other coalproducing States in the East. The coal-loading terminals are the McDuffie Island Terminal and the Bulk Plant, both operated by Alabama State Docks Department.

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

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Alabama
Coal Production, 1890-1992
Coal-bearing area Coal-producing county
Million Short Tons

Coal-fired power plant Coke plant

35 30 25

0

50 Miles

100

20 15 10 5 0 18 90 19 00 19 10 19 20 19 30 19 40 19 50 19 60 19 70 19 80 19 90

Total Area of State: 51,609 square miles Area Underlain by Coal: 9,700 square miles

First Year of Documented Coal Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1840 (946 short tons) Peak Year of Coal Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1990 (29,030,000 short tons)

Coal Reserves (Million Short Tons)
Type of Reserve Demonstrated Reserve Base: (January 1, 1992) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Estimated Recoverable Reserves: (January 1, 1992) Sulfur Content (pounds per million Btu) < 0.61 (low sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.61-1.67 (medium sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . > 1.67 (high sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Estimated Recoverable Reserves at Active Mines, Year-End 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Underground Surface Total

1,454

3,308

4,762

169 503 61 733 379

259 1,958 139 2,356 89

428 2,461 200 3,089 468

Production
Salient Data by Mine Type Underground Quantity (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Surface Quantity (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

9,504 18 7,160 .71 43.37

14,440 20 5,832 1.34 44.22

17,540 12 4,395 2.01 42.48

17,070 13 4,473 1.90 40.19

15,944 13 3,810 2.17 40.70

16,899 158 4,528 2.40 33.56

13,357 111 2,784 2.40 41.35

11,490 85 2,139 2.69 43.90

10,199 83 1,841 2.84 42.72

9,852 75 1,576 3.28 41.02

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Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Alabama
Quantity (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26,403 176 11,688 1.31 37.01 27,797 131 8,616 1.70 42.84 29,030 97 6,534 2.23 43.04 27,269 96 6,314 2.17 41.14 25,796 88 5,386 2.49 40.82

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

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Alabama
Number of Mines by Production Range and Percent of Production, 1992
Production Range (thousand short tons) Mine Type 1,000 and over Number Underground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . All Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 0 8 Percent 94 0 58 500 to 999 Number 1 5 6 Percent 5 43 19 100 to 499 Number 0 22 22 Percent 0 42 16 Number 4 48 52 < 100 Percent 1 15 7

Coal Demand
Disposition Consumption (thousand short tons) Electric Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Coke Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residential and Commercial . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Year-End Utility Stocks (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Electricity Generation Total (million kilowatthours) . . . . . . . . . . Coal (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nuclear (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

19,593 4,849 2,202 209 26,853

21,545 2,883 2,541 99 27,069

22,010 3,288 2,237 105 27,640

23,700 3,166 2,468 17 29,349

24,988 3,297 3,139 89 31,513

5,734

4,324

3,869

4,247

4,071

78,292 58 30 12

72,667 71 20 9

76,232 70 16 14

85,051 68 19 13

90,792 67 21 12

Utility Coal Data, 1992
Average Quality and Average Delivered Cost Heat Content (million Btu per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sulfur Content (percent by weight) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ash Content (percent by weight) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pounds of Sulfur per million Btu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dollars per million Btu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dollars per short ton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Produced in State 24.19 1.26 12.42 1.04 1.96 47.35 Receipts, All Sources 24.12 1.43 11.80 1.19 1.73 41.67

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Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Alabama

Estimated Total State Energy Consumption, 1991: 1,591 trillion Btu (coal, 720; natural gas, 261; petroleum, 526; nuclear electric power, 171; hydroelectric power, 112; other, 0; net interstate flow of electricity and associated losses, -198).

Notes: Totals may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Data coverage—Production: all mines. Number of mines: 1980, mines that produced 10,000 short tons or more; other years, all mines. Number of miners and productivity: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons and preparation plants that had 5,000 or more employee hours. Average mine price: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons. Average quality and average delivered cost of utility coal: power plants with a generator nameplate capacity of 50 megawatts or more. Extent of coal-bearing areas and locations of coal-consuming plants shown on map are approximate; small coal deposits are not shown. Coal-producing counties shown on map exclude any county where all 1992 output was from mines producing less than 10,000 short tons. Sources: Energy Information Administration—U.S. Coal Reserves: An Update by Heat and Sulfur Content, February 1993; Coal Production 1992 and prior issues; Coal Data: A Reference; Quarterly Coal Report October-December 1992 and prior issues; Electric Power Annual 1991 and prior issues; Electric Power Monthly, March 1993; Cost and Quality of Fuels for Electric Power Plants 1992; Inventory of Power Plants in the United States 1992; State Energy Data Report 1991: Consumption Estimates; Map of coal-bearing areas is based mainly on U.S. Geological Survey map, Coalfields of the United States, 1960. Data for historical graph 1890-1975, U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey and Bureau of Mines (Minerals Yearbook and annual predecessor Mineral Resources of the United States); 1976 forward, Energy Information Administration, Coal Production 1992 and prior issues.

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

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Destination of Coal Produced in Alabama, 1992 (Million Short Tons)

SD

*
TN AR TX

PA 0.2

*

*

*

MS AL G A 18.8 0.1

*

FL 0.2

*

Quantity is less than 0.1 million short tons.

Domestic 19.6 Exports 5.9 Total 25.5

Transportation modes to domestic markets (percent): rail, 33; water, 12; truck, 45; tramway/conveyor, 9; unknown 1. Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”

8

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Origin of Coal Received in Alabama, 1992 (Million Short Tons)

PA
IL IN 0.6 0.1

*

KY 5.0

WV V A 2.4

1.0

TN 0.7 AL 18.8

*

Quantity is less than 0.1 million short tons.

Total

28.7

Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”
Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

9

State Coal Profile: Alaska
Alaska has an extensive reserve base of coal, but very little of it has been developed because of competition from the petroleum and natural gas produced in the State. Currently, only one surface mine actively produces coal in the State, and about half of its annual output of 1.5 million short tons is exported.1 The value of coal production to the economy of Alaska is also small. In 1992, coal was estimated to account for less than 1 percent of the total value of all mineral commodities produced in the State, including crude oil and natural gas. Coal mining in Alaska began on a commercial scale in 1855, while the area was still a Russian territory. A mine was developed near Port Graham, on the Kenai Peninsula, with the hope of exporting coal to California. Unable to compete in the export market, the mine instead supplied coal to steamers, whaling ships, and local consumers for about 10 years. After Alaska was purchased by the United States, in 1867, many small mines were opened to provide coal for riverboats, domestic heating, and thawing frozen ground for gold mining. Production at the turn of the century was about 3,000 short tons per year. This represented about 3 percent of the total coal consumed in Alaska. Canada and Washington State supplied most of the rest. In the early 1900's, coal production trended upward as mines were opened near Anchorage and Healy to supply coal for the U.S. Navy, for developments at Anchorage and Fairbanks, and for the Alaska Railroad. In addition to consuming coal, the Alaska Railroad played an important role in opening up coal markets along its route. Production rose from about 100,000 short tons in the late 1920's to more than 700,000 short tons in the 1950's. During and after World War II, the military buildup near Anchorage and Fairbanks expanded markets for coal. In the postwar period, markets were lost and mines closed when the Alaska Railroad converted to diesel-electric locomotives, and when oil and natural gas produced from large deposits discovered in the Cook Inlet captured most of the coal market in the Anchorage area. Afterward, coal production fluctuated from 600,000 to 900,000 short tons until 1985, when it rose sharply to 1.4 million short tons with the beginning of exports to Korea. Since the early 1970's, the only active coal mine in Alaska has been operated by Usibelli Coal Mine, Inc., near Healy in the Nenana field, south of Fairbanks. Several other coal mines are planned in Alaska, pending an expansion of Alaska coal exports to the Asian market. The Usibelli mine produces subbituminous coal mainly from three beds that range from 18 to nearly 30 feet in thickness. Overburden is removed by a dragline that reportedly is the largest land-based machine in Alaska. Coal is transported from the mine by the Alaska Railroad. As mined, Usibelli coal averages 15.6 million Btu per short ton, 0.2 percent sulfur (by weight), and 8.1 percent ash. Usibelli's domestic customers include a minemouth power plant at Healy, and cogeneration power plants, which supply both electricity and steam for heating, that are operated by the Fairbanks Municipal Utilities System, the University of Alaska Fairbanks, and military bases near Fairbanks. The State's largest coal-fired electric generating facilities are the 28-megawatt Chena plant, operated by the City of Fairbanks, and the 27-megawatt Healy plant, operated by Golden Valley Electric Association. Small amounts of coal are also used for heating residences and schools in the Healy and Fairbanks areas. Usibelli exports coal to the Korean Electric Power Company. The export coal is transported on the Alaska Railroad about 300 miles to Seward, a year-round ice-free port.

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

7

1 In 1992, Arctic Slope Consulting Group was developing a coal mine in the Deadfall Syncline area, near Kotzebue; production was less than 1,000 short tons.

8

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Alaska
Coal Production, 1890-1992

Coal-bearing area Coal-producing area Coal-fired power plant
1 .5 Million Short Tons 2

0

100 Miles

200

1

0 .5

0 189 0 1 90 0 1 91 0 1 92 0 1 93 0 1 940 1 950 19 60 19 70 19 80 19 90

Total Area of State: 586,412 square miles Area Underlain by Coal: 35,000 square miles

First Year of Documented Coal Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1897 (2,000 short tons) Peak Year of Coal Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1988 (1,745,000 short tons)

Coal Reserves (Million Short Tons)
Type of Reserve Demonstrated Reserve Base: (January 1, 1992) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Estimated Recoverable Reserves: (January 1, 1992) Sulfur Content (pounds per million Btu) < 0.61 (low sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.61-1.67 (medium sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . > 1.67 (high sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Estimated Recoverable Reserves at Active Mines, Year-End 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Underground Surface Total

5,423

713

6,136

2,120 0 0 2,120 0

432 0 0 432 W

2,552 0 0 2,552 W

Production
Salient Data by Mine Type Underground Quantity (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Surface Quantity (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

0 0 0 ---

0 0 0 ---

0 0 0 ---

0 0 0 ---

0 0 0 ---

791 1 33 6.12 W

1,433 1 96 6.20 W

1,706 1 84 8.46 W

1,436 1 99 6.82 W

1,534 2a 111 6.93 W

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

9

Alaska
Quantity (thousand short tons) Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 791 1 33 6.12 W 1,433 1 96 6.20 W 1,706 1 84 8.46 W 1,436 1 99 6.82 W 1,534 2 111 6.93 W

10

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Alaska
Number of Mines by Production Range and Percent of Production, 1992
Production Range (thousand short tons) Mine Type 1,000 and over Number Underground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . All Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 1 Percent 0 100 100 500 to 999 Number 0 0 0 Percent 0 0 0 100 to 499 Number 0 0 0 Percent 0 0 0 Number 0 1 1 < 100 Percent 0 <1 <1

Coal Demand
Disposition Consumption (thousand short tons) Electric Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Coke Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residential and Commercial . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Year-End Utility Stocks (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Electricity Generation Total (million kilowatthours) . . . . . . . . . . Coal (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nuclear (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

272 0 0 0 272

296 0 W W 733

290 0 0 494 784

298 0 0 504 802

267 0 0 514 782

5

2

2

8

6

3,090 10 0 90

4,285 7 0 93

4,493 7 0 93

4,286 8 0 92

4,129 7 0 93

Utility Coal Data, 1992
Average Quality and Average Delivered Cost Heat Content (million Btu per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sulfur Content (percent by weight) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ash Content (percent by weight) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pounds of Sulfur per million Btu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dollars per million Btu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dollars per short ton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Produced in State ------Receipts, All Sources -------

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

11

Alaska

Estimated Total State Energy Consumption, 1991: 588 trillion Btu (coal, 13; natural gas, 368; petroleum, 198; nuclear electric power, 0; hydroelectric power, 9; other, 0; net interstate flow of electricity and associated losses, 0).

Includes one mine under development with a small output during part of the year. W = Withheld to avoid disclosure of individual company data. Notes: Totals may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Data coverage—Production: all mines. Number of mines: 1980, mines that produced 10,000 short tons or more; other years, all mines. Number of miners and productivity: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons and preparation plants that had 5,000 or more employee hours. Average mine price: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons. Average quality and average delivered cost of utility coal: power plants with a generator nameplate capacity of 50 megawatts or more. Extent of coal-bearing areas and locations of coal-consuming plants shown on map are approximate; small coal deposits are not shown. Coal-producing counties shown on map exclude any county where all 1992 output was from mines producing less than 10,000 short tons. Sources: Energy Information Administration—U.S. Coal Reserves: An Update by Heat and Sulfur Content, February 1993; Coal Production 1992 and prior issues; Coal Data: A Reference; Quarterly Coal Report October-December 1992 and prior issues; Electric Power Annual 1991 and prior issues; Electric Power Monthly, March 1993; Cost and Quality of Fuels for Electric Power Plants 1992; Inventory of Power Plants in the United States 1992; State Energy Data Report 1991: Consumption Estimates; Map of coal-bearing areas is based mainly on U.S. Geological Survey map, Coalfields of the United States, 1960. Data for historical graph 1890-1975, U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey and Bureau of Mines (Minerals Yearbook and annual predecessor Mineral Resources of the United States); 1976 forward, Energy Information Administration, Coal Production 1992 and prior issues.

a

12

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Destination of Coal Produced in Alaska, 1992 (Million Short Tons)

AK O.8

Domestic Exports Total

0.8 0.7 1.5

Transportation modes, domestic markets (percent): rail, 81; truck, 19. Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

13

Origin of Coal Received in Alaska, 1992 (Million Short Tons)

AK 0.8

Total

0.8

Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”
14
Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

State Coal Profile: Arizona
Coal ranks a distant second in value to copper among the mineral commodities produced in Arizona. However, Arizona is notable as a source of coal because all production is from leases on Indian lands, and because the State has the only long-distance coal-slurry pipeline in the country. Indian royalties from coal sales in 1992 were $33 million. All of Arizona's coal production, which totaled about 13 million short tons in 1992, is from the Black Mesa field in the northeastern part of the State, in Navajo County. This is a plateau area covering more than 3,000 square miles of Indian land. Black Mesa coal is generally classified as bituminous coal. Black Mesa coal is historically noteworthy because archeological evidence shows that prehistoric Indians used it for firing pottery at least as far back as 1300 A.D. Although the first official record of coal pro-duction in Arizona was in 1926, small amounts of coal were mined by settlers for local use in earlier years. Between 1926 and 1970, coal production was intermittent and usually amounted to less than 10,000 short tons per year, reflecting the remoteness of the coal deposits, a small population, and a lack of coal-based industries. Most of the coal was produced for heating schools on the Navajo Indian Reservation. After 1970 the output of coal in Arizona increased markedly. This was due to the opening of two large surface mines in Black Mesa field—Black Mesa and Kayenta—to produce coal for two large power plants built to help meet the growing demand for electricity in southern California and the Southwest. Peabody Coal Company developed and continues to operate both mines, located about 16 miles apart, on about 65,000 acres of land leased from the Navajo and Hopi Indian tribes. Production is from four to five coalbeds that range from 3 to 10 feet in thickness. Both mines rank among the largest U.S. coal mines. Black Mesa supplies coal to the 1,580-megawatt Mohave power plant of Southern California Edison Company, in southeastern Nevada. The transportation link between the mine and power plant is unique: coal is delivered as a slurry through a 273-mile long, 18-inch pipeline. The coal slurry (a mixture of half finely ground coal and half water, by weight) is pumped at a rate of about 3.5 miles per hour. Kayenta produces coal for the 2,250-megawatt Navajo power plant, located near Page, in Coconino County, and operated by the Salt River Project Agricultural Improvement and Power District. Coal from the mine is hauled to the power plant on an 83-mile-long private railroad. A 17-mile long conveyor connects the mine with the railroad. Less than half of the 18 million short tons of coal consumed in Arizona in 1992 was produced in the State. Electric utilities were the principal consumers. Except for the Navajo power plant, the utilities consumed coal received primarily from New Mexico. Other coal consumers in Arizona were chiefly cement plants and a paperboard mill.

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

11

Arizona
Coal Production, 1890-1992
Coal-bearing area Coal-producing county Coal-fired power plant
14 12 10 Million Short Tons

0

50 Miles

100
8 6 4 2 0 18 90 19 00 19 10 19 20 19 30 19 40 19 50 19 60 19 70 19 80 19 90

Total Area of State: 113,909 square miles Area Underlain by Coal: 3,040 square miles

First Year of Documented Coal Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1926 (624 short tons) Peak Year of Coal Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1991 (13,203,000 short tons)

Coal Reserves (Million Short Tons)
Type of Reserve Demonstrated Reserve Base: (January 1, 1992) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Estimated Recoverable Reserves: (January 1, 1992) Sulfur Content (pounds per million Btu) < 0.61 (low sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.61-1.67 (medium sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . > 1.67 (high sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Estimated Recoverable Reserves at Active Mines, Year-End 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Underground Surface Total

102

135

236

51 0 0 51 0

106 0 0 106 W

158 0 0 158 W

Production
Salient Data by Mine Type Underground Quantity (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Surface Quantity (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

0 0 0 ---

0 0 0 ---

0 0 0 ---

0 0 0 ---

0 0 0 ---

10,905 2 897 5.29 W

9,625 2 885 6.53 W

11,304 2 951 5.93 W

13,203 2 900 6.64 W

12,512 2 888 6.29 W

12

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Arizona
Quantity (thousand short tons) Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,905 2 897 5.29 W 9,625 2 885 6.53 W 11,304 2 951 5.93 W 13,203 2 900 6.64 W 12,512 2 888 6.29 W

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

13

Arizona
Number of Mines by Production Range and Percent of Production, 1992
Production Range (thousand short tons) Mine Type 1,000 and over Number Underground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . All Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 2 2 Percent 0 100 100 500 to 999 Number 0 0 0 Percent 0 0 0 100 to 499 Number 0 0 0 Percent 0 0 0 Number 0 0 0 < 100 Percent 0 0 0

Coal Demand
Disposition Consumption (thousand short tons) Electric Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Coke Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residential and Commercial . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Year-End Utility Stocks (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Electricity Generation Total (million kilowatthours) . . . . . . . . . . Coal (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nuclear (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

10,915 0 W W 11,558

14,448 0 W W 16,364

15,758 0 660 0 16,419

16,116 0 689 0 16,805

17,227 0 632 4 17,862

5,541

3,163

3,090

4,177

3,543

36,876 59 0 41

48,227 60 2 38

62,289 51 33 16

66,767 48 38 14

70,109 49 37 14

Utility Coal Data, 1992
Average Quality and Average Delivered Cost Heat Content (million Btu per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sulfur Content (percent by weight) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ash Content (percent by weight) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pounds of Sulfur per million Btu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dollars per million Btu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dollars per short ton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Produced in State 22.00 .52 9.50 .47 1.10 24.28 Receipts, All Sources 20.61 .51 12.19 .50 1.37 28.31

14

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Arizona

Estimated Total State Energy Consumption, 1991: 924 trillion Btu (coal, 348; natural gas, 128; petroleum, 353; nuclear electric power, 270; hydroelectric power, 75; other, 0; net interstate flow of electricity and associated losses, -250).

W = Withheld to avoid disclosure of individual company data. Notes: Totals may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Data coverage—Production: all mines. Number of mines: 1980, mines that produced 10,000 short tons or more; other years, all mines. Number of miners and productivity: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons and preparation plants that had 5,000 or more employee hours. Average mine price: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons. Average quality and average delivered cost of utility coal: power plants with a generator nameplate capacity of 50 megawatts or more. Extent of coal-bearing areas and locations of coal-consuming plants shown on map are approximate; small coal deposits are not shown. Coal-producing counties shown on map exclude any county where all 1992 output was from mines producing less than 10,000 short tons. Sources: Energy Information Administration—U.S. Coal Reserves: An Update by Heat and Sulfur Content, February 1993; Coal Production 1992 and prior issues; Coal Data: A Reference; Quarterly Coal Report October-December 1992 and prior issues; Electric Power Annual 1991 and prior issues; Electric Power Monthly, March 1993; Cost and Quality of Fuels for Electric Power Plants 1992; Inventory of Power Plants in the United States 1992; State Energy Data Report 1991: Consumption Estimates; Map of coal-bearing areas is based mainly on U.S. Geological Survey map, Coalfields of the United States, 1960. Data for historical graph 1890-1975, U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey and Bureau of Mines (Minerals Yearbook and annual predecessor Mineral Resources of the United States); 1976 forward, Energy Information Administration, Coal Production 1992 and prior issues.

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

15

Destination of Coal Produced in Arizona, 1992 (Million Short Tons)

NV 5.0

AZ 7.4

Domestic 12.4 Exports 0 Total 12.4

Transportation modes, domestic markets (percent): rail, 60; tramway/conveyor/slurry pipeline, 40. Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”

16

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Origin of Coal Received in Arizona, 1992 (Million Short Tons)

PA UT 0.1 CO 0.2 NM 9.2

*

AZ 7.4

Total

16.9

Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”
Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 17

State Coal Profile: Arkansas
As a source of coal, Arkansas is relatively insignificant. Its 1992 output of 58,000 short tons was the smallest of all States. The value of the coal was less than 1 percent of the estimated value of all mineral commodities produced in the State. The Arkansas coal deposits consist mostly of bituminous coal and semianthracite in the western Arkansas Valley. The area, an eastern extension of the Oklahoma coalbearing region, is about 30 miles wide and 90 miles long. The geologic formations in the Arkansas Valley have been considerably folded and faulted, and the coalbeds often thin out. These features have contributed to the cost of mining in the area. Lignite occurs in the coastal plain in the southern and northeastern parts of the State. Currently, only bituminous coal is mined in Arkansas. The Lower Hartshone coalbed, which averages about 2 feet in thickness, is the most productive and extensive coalbed in the State. It has a heat value averaging 26 million Btu per short ton (as-received basis) and a sulfur content averaging between 1 and 2 percent (by weight). Coal was first mined in Arkansas around 1840, but production did not become economically important until about 1870, after railroads expanded into the Arkansas Valley. Although the output was chiefly bituminous coal, small amounts of lignite were also produced for use as boiler fuel, local heating, and a source of distilled oil. After reaching a peak of nearly 3 million short tons in 1907, production declined due to competition from other fuels, including oil and natural gas discovered in the State. It rose slightly during World War II, but afterwards fell sharply to an annual average of less than 100,000 short tons. Virtually all production has been bituminous coal, including some used in the past for making metallurgical coke, and some semianthracite. A small amount of lignite was mined in the late 1930's and early 1940's to produce Van Dyke brown dye and montan wax, a fossil plant wax used for industrial purposes. In 1988, a small amount of lignite was used for test-burning as a blend with western coal in a local power plant. Underground mines accounted for the bulk of the early coal production in Arkansas, but surface mines have predominated since 1958. Coal was last mined underground in Arkansas in 1978. Production in 1992 was from Johnson and Sebastian counties. The State's largest coal producer was the Wilken No. 1 surface mine of MidAmerica Mining and Development Company, in Sebastian County. In 1992, about half of the coal produced was shipped out of the State. Virtually all of the 13 million short tons of coal consumed in Arkansas in 1992 was used to generate electricity. All of the utility coal was subbituminous coal from Wyoming. This was consumed at two power plants with nearly equal coal-fired electricity generating capabilities, both operated by Arkansas Power and Light Company: the 1,678-megawatt Independence plant, in Independence County, and the 1,659-megawatt While Bluff plant, in Jefferson County. A small amount of coal was consumed for other industrial use, mainly at a paper mill and a cement plant.

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

15

Arkansas
Coal Production, 1890-1992

Million Short Tons 3

2

1

0 1 89 0 1 90 0 1 91 0 1 920 1 930 19 40 19 50 19 60 19 70 19 80 199 0

Coal-bearing area Coal-producing county Coal-fired power plant 0 50 Miles 100

Total Area of State: 53,104 square miles Area Underlain by Coal: 1,700 square miles

First Year of Documented Coal Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1840 (220 short tons) Peak Year of Coal Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1907 (2,670,000 short tons)

Coal Reserves (Million Short Tons)
Type of Reserve Demonstrated Reserve Base: (January 1, 1992) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Estimated Recoverable Reserves: (January 1, 1992) Sulfur Content (pounds per million Btu) < 0.61 (low sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.61-1.67 (medium sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . > 1.67 (high sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Estimated Recoverable Reserves at Active Mines, Year-End 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Underground Surface Total

273

145

417

7 110 10 127 0

2 97 3 101 W

8 207 13 228 W

Production
Salient Data by Mine Type Underground Quantity (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Surface Quantity (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

0 0 0 ---

0 0 0 ---

0 0 0 ---

0 0 0 ---

0 0 0 ---

319 4 75 1.21 41.83

80 7 26 1.80 W

59 7 13 1.46 W

52 7 14 2.27 W

58 6 14 1.68 W

16

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Arkansas
Quantity (thousand short tons) Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 4 75 1.21 41.83 80 7 26 1.80 W 59 7 13 1.46 W 52 7 14 2.27 W 58 6 14 1.68 W

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

17

Arkansas
Number of Mines by Production Range and Percent of Production, 1992
Production Range (thousand short tons) Mine Type 1,000 and over Number Underground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . All Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 Percent 0 0 0 500 to 999 Number 0 0 0 Percent 0 0 0 100 to 499 Number 0 0 0 Percent 0 0 0 Number 0 6 6 < 100 Percent 0 100 100

Coal Demand
Disposition Consumption (thousand short tons) Electric Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Coke Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residential and Commercial . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Year-End Utility Stocks (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Electricity Generation Total (million kilowatthours) . . . . . . . . . . . Coal (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nuclear (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

1,774 0 296 6 2,076

12,302 0 379 1 12,682

11,836 0 256 0 12,092

11,978 0 283 0 12,261

12,325 0 295 2 12,622

1,964

2,513

1,722

2,150

1,572

19,685 15 40 45

35,565 57 28 15

37,053 52 30 18

38,365 51 33 16

37,507 54 30 16

Utility Coal Data, 1992
Average Quality and Average Delivered Cost Heat Content (million Btu per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sulfur Content (percent by weight) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ash Content (percent by weight) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pounds of Sulfur per million Btu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dollars per million Btu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dollars per short ton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Produced in State ------Receipts, All Sources 17.45 .32 5.12 .37 1.65 28.84

18

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Arkansas

Estimated Total State Energy Consumption, 1991: 770 trillion Btu (coal, 216; natural gas, 213; petroleum, 271; nuclear electric power, 136; hydroelectric power, 37; other, 0; net interstate flow of electricity and associated losses, -103).

W = Withheld to avoid disclosure of individual company data. Notes: Totals may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Data coverage—Production: all mines. Number of mines: 1980, mines that produced 10,000 short tons or more; other years, all mines. Number of miners and productivity: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons and preparation plants that had 5,000 or more employee hours. Average mine price: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons. Average quality and average delivered cost of utility coal: power plants with a generator nameplate capacity of 50 megawatts or more. Extent of coal-bearing areas and locations of coal-consuming plants shown on map are approximate; small coal deposits are not shown. Coal-producing counties shown on map exclude any county where all 1992 output was from mines producing less than 10,000 short tons. Sources: Energy Information Administration—U.S. Coal Reserves: An Update by Heat and Sulfur Content, February 1993; Coal Production 1992 and prior issues; Coal Data: A Reference; Quarterly Coal Report October-December 1992 and prior issues; Electric Power Annual 1991 and prior issues; Electric Power Monthly, March 1993; Cost and Quality of Fuels for Electric Power Plants 1992; Inventory of Power Plants in the United States 1992; State Energy Data Report 1991: Consumption Estimates ; Map of coal-bearing areas is based mainly on U.S. Geological Survey map, Coalfields of the United States, 1960. Data for historical graph 1890-1975, U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey and Bureau of Mines (Minerals Yearbook and annual predecessor Mineral Resources of the United States); 1976 forward, Energy Information Administration, Coal Production 1992 and prior issues.

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

19

Destination of Coal Produced in Arkansas, 1992 (Million Short Tons)
VT

*

OK

* * *

MO

AR

*

Quantity is less than 0.1 million short tons.

Domestic Exports Total

* * *

Transportation modes, domestic markets (percent): truck, 100. Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”

Origin of Coal Received in Arkansas, 1992 (Million Short Tons)

WY 11.6

PA

OK 0.1

* *
AR

IL

*

KY

*

AL

*

Quantity is less than 0.1 million short tons. 11.8 Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent Total rounding. Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”

*

20

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

State Coal Profile: California
Coal occurs in California in small, widely scattered deposits that range in rank from lignite to bituminous. A small amount of lignite is surface mined as a source of montan wax by Jackson Valley Energy Partners, L. P., near Ione, Amador County. The operation is unique because it is the only U.S. coal deposit mined for montan wax, a fossil plant wax (found in only a few American lignites) used for industrial purposes. Coal was mined in California as early as 1855, but coal mining as an industry began in 1861. Much of the early production was from Contra Costa County. Coal was used as fuel for railroads, steamboats, flour mills, manufacturing plants, and domestic heating. Total output reached a peak of 237,000 short tons in 1880, about the time when large deposits of oil and natural gas were discovered in the State. After 1900, production dropped sharply and became practically insignificant as oil and gas displaced coal as a source of energy in the State. At the end of World War II, California's lignite deposits were among those investigated as part of a Federal program to locate domestic deposits with a high wax content. The search was prompted by a wartime shortage of montan wax, which had been imported chiefly from Germany. The lignite deposit near Ione was one of the few found to have a wax content of economic potential. In 1947, the deposit, mined initially to produce lignite briquettes, was developed as a source of montan wax. The Ione lignite bed, 12 to 15 feet thick, is surface mined selectively after drilling has located areas with a high wax content. It is mined during the driest summer months and stockpiled at the wax plant for use throughout the year. The level of production is governed by the market for montan wax. Production in 1992 was 103,000 short tons. Montan wax is extracted from dried, pulverized lignite through the use of solvents. The wax is hard and brittle and has a high melting point; its properties are similar to those of natural plant waxes, such as carnauba, which it can replace. Most of the wax undergoes additional processing to produce waxes for specific uses. The principal use is in hot-melt carbon inks. Other applications include spray lubricants, thin-film temporary coatings, release agents for molded phenolic parts and polyurethane fiber board, protective coatings, special waterproofing compounds, and ink additives. Lignite residue from wax production is used as fuel in an adjacent 15-megawatt fluidized-bed cogeneration plant that began commercial operation in 1987. The lignite residue has a heat content of about 10 million Btu per short ton. Steam, hot air, and some of the electricity produced at the facility are sold to the wax plant. Most of the electricity produced is sold to Pacific Gas and Electric Company. A small amount of lignite residue is also sold as a soil conditioner. Although wax production represents the most unusual use of coal in California, considerably more coal is used as a fuel. Most of the 3 million short tons of coal consumed in 1992 was produced in Utah. Cement plants were the major coal consumers, accounting for more than half of the State's total. More than one-third was used as a source of heat for producing sodium carbonate from natural brines. Until 1983, coal from Utah and New Mexico was converted into coke at Fontana and used to manufacture steel. No coal is used in the State's power plants. Several ports in California are shipping points for coal exports from western mines. Los Angeles is by far the principal coal-exporting district, accounting for most of the 3 million short tons of coal exported through California in 1992.

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

19

California
Coal Production, 1890-1992
Coal-bearing area Coal-producing county
0 .2 Million Short Tons

Coal-producing county

0

50 100 Miles

0. 15

0 .1

0. 05

0
1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

Total Area of State: 158,693 square miles Area Underlain by Coal: 230 square miles

First Year of Documented Coal Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1861 (6,620 short tons) Peak Year of Coal Production . . . . 1880 (237,000 short tons)

Coal Reserves (Million Short Tons)
Type of Reserve Demonstrated Reserve Base: (January 1, 1992) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Estimated Recoverable Reserves: (January 1, 1992) Sulfur Content (pounds per million Btu) < 0.61 (low sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.61-1.67 (medium sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . > 1.67 (high sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Estimated Recoverable Reserves at Active Mines, Year-End 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Underground Surface Total

NA

NA

NA

NA NA NA NA NA

NA NA NA NA W

NA NA NA NA W

Production
Salient Data by Mine Type Underground Quantity (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Surface Quantity (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

0 0 0 ---

0 0 0 ---

0 0 0 ---

0 0 0 ---

0 0 0 ---

0 0 0 ---

71 1 9 4.23 W

61 1 5 17.69 W

57 1 8 11.31 W

103 1 8 11.12 W

20

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

California
Quantity (thousand short tons) Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 --71 1 9 4.23 W 61 1 5 17.69 W 57 1 8 11.31 W 103 1 8 11.12 W

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

21

California
Number of Mines by Production Range and Percent of Production, 1992
Production Range (thousand short tons) Mine Type 1,000 and over Number Underground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . All Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 Percent 0 0 0 500 to 999 Number 0 0 0 Percent 0 0 0 100 to 499 Number 0 1 1 Percent 0 100 100 Number 0 0 0 < 100 Percent 0 0 0

Coal Demand
Disposition Consumption (thousand short tons) Electric Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Coke Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residential and Commercial . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Year-End Utility Stocks (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Electricity Generation Total (million kilowatthours) . . . . . . . . . . . Coal (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nuclear (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

0 1,510 1,155 4 2,669

0 0 1,889 53 1,942

0 0 2,874 25 2,899

0 0 2,771 44 2,816

0 0 2,821 0 2,821

0

0

0

0

0

140,341 0 4 96

127,846 0 15 85

114,528 0 29 71

104,968 0 30 70

119,308 0 30 70

Utility Coal Data, 1992
Average Quality and Average Delivered Cost Heat Content (million Btu per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sulfur Content (percent by weight) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ash Content (percent by weight) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pounds of Sulfur per million Btu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dollars per million Btu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dollars per short ton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Produced in State ------Receipts, All Sources -------

22

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

California

Estimated Total State Energy Consumption, 1991: 7,162 trillion Btu (coal, 64; natural gas, 2,024; petroleum, 3,283; nuclear electric power, 339; hydroelectric power, 283; other, 166; net interstate flow of electricity and associated losses, 1,003).

W = Withheld to avoid disclosure of individual company data. NA = Not available. Notes: Data coverage—Production: all mines. Number of mines: 1980, mines that produced 10,000 short tons or more; other years, all mines. Number of miners, and productivity, mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons and preparation plants that had 5,000 or more employee hours. Average mine price: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons. Average quality and average delivered cost of utility coal: power plants with a generator nameplate capacity of 50 megawatts or more. Totals may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Extent of coal-bearing areas and locations of coal-consuming plants shown on map are approximate; small coal deposits are not shown. Coal-producing counties shown on map exclude any county where all 1992 output was from mines producing less than 10,000 short tons. Sources: Energy Information Administration—U.S. Coal Reserves: An Update by Heat and Sulfur Content, February 1993; Coal Production 1992 and prior issues; Coal Data: A Reference; Quarterly Coal Report October-December 1992 and prior issues; Electric Power Annual 1991 and prior issues; Electric Power Monthly, March 1993; Cost and Quality of Fuels for Electric Power Plants 1992; Inventory of Power Plants in the United States 1992; State Energy Data Report 1991: Consumption Estimates ; Map of coal-bearing areas is based mainly on U.S. Geological Survey map, Coalfields of the United States, 1960. Data for historical graph 1890-1975, U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey and Bureau of Mines (Minerals Yearbook and annual predecessor Mineral Resources of the United States); 1976 forward, Energy Information Administration, Coal Production 1992 and prior issues.

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

23

Destination of Coal Produced in California, 1992 (Million Short Tons)

CA 0.1

Domestic Exports Total

0.1 0 0.1

Transportation modes, domestic markets (percent): truck, 100. Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”

24

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Origin of Coal Received in California, 1992 (Million Short Tons)

PA UT 2.8 CO

*

CA 0.1

*

*

WV

NM

*

*

Quantity is less than 0.1 million short tons.

Total

3.0

Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”
Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

25

State Coal Profile: Colorado
The value of coal production in Colorado in 1992 accounted for about 22 percent of the estimated total value of all mineral commodities produced in the State and ranked second in importance to crude oil. Coal output from leases on Federal lands generated about $31 million in royalties, which were equally shared by the State and Federal Governments. Colorado's coal occurs in scattered regions that underlie more than one-fourth of the State. All ranks of coal are present, from lignite to anthracite. Current production, however, consists of slightly more than half bituminous coal and the rest subbituminous coal. Some of the bituminous coal was produced for use in making metallurgical coke. Since 1983, when the State's only iron and steel operation closed, all the coking coal mined in Colorado has been shipped out of State. Of the more than 20 coalbeds mined in 1992, the leading sources of production were the Wadge and D coalbeds and coalbeds in the Williams Fork Formation. Coal was mined commercially in the Denver region in the early 1860's, first for domestic heating and then later for use in blast furnaces. With the expansion of the railroads, Colorado's coal output became the largest in the West in the 1900's. Production reached about 12 million short tons by 1920. It declined during the Depression, rose during World War II, only to drop again as markets were lost to natural gas and to the replacement of coal-burning locomotives with diesel-powered locomotives. A strong rise in the State's annual coal production began in the 1970's. This was due mainly to the opening of several large underground and surface mines to meet a growing demand from electric utilities for the low-sulfur coal present in the State. Colorado's coal output was 19 million short tons in 1992. Early coal mining in Colorado was almost exclusively by underground methods. Surface mining in the State began in 1909 in Jackson County. The amount of surface-mined coal increased gradually, rising to account for more than half of Colorado's annual coal output in most of the 1970's, all of the 1980's, and slightly less than half in recent years. The largest coal mine in Colorado in 1992, with production of more than 4 million short tons, was the Colowyo surface mine of Colowyo Coal Company, in Moffatt County. Moffatt and Routt counties were the major coal producers. About two-thirds of Colorado's 1992 coal production was from Federal leases. Less than two-thirds of the coal shipped from Colorado's mines in 1992 was to consumers in the State. Texas and Utah were the principal out-of-State destinations. Most of the coal was for electric utilities. The small amount of coking coal produced was shipped to Utah and Illinois. Some coal was also exported overseas. Electric utilities accounted for nearly all of the 17 million short tons of coal consumed in Colorado in 1992. The State's mines supplied more than two-thirds of the utility coal, with Wyoming coal making up the balance. Colorado's largest coal-fired generating units, totaling 1,264 megawatts, are in the Craig plant of Colorado-Ute Electric Association, Inc., in Moffat County. Of the coal used in other sectors, malt beverage manufacturing and cement plants were the largest consumers.

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

23

Colorado
Coal Production, 1890-1992

Million Short Tons 25

20

15

10

5

0 18 90 19 00 19 10 19 20 19 30 19 40 19 50 19 60 19 70 19 80 19 90

Coal-bearing area Coal-producing county Coal-fired power plant

0

50 Miles

100

Total Area of State: 104,247 square miles Area Underlain by Coal: 29,600 square miles

First Year of Documented Coal Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1864 (500 short tons) Peak Year of Coal Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1981 (19,897,000 short tons)

Coal Reserves (Million Short Tons)
Type of Reserve Demonstrated Reserve Base: (January 1, 1992) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Estimated Recoverable Reserves: (January 1, 1992) Sulfur Content (pounds per million Btu) < 0.61 (low sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.61-1.67 (medium sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . > 1.67 (high sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Estimated Recoverable Reserves at Active Mines, Year-End 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Underground Surface Total

12,128

4,828

16,956

5,631 651 83 6,365 400

418 3,367 14 3,799 208

6,049 4,017 97 10,163 608

Production
Salient Data by Mine Type Underground Quantity (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Surface Quantity (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

5,721 26 2,408 1.18 27.24

6,377 23 1,464 2.16 28.91

10,628 16 1,509 3.26 24.27

9,601 16 1,530 4.23 24.09

10,246 15 1,085 4.52 21.80

13,125 17 1,503 3.94 16.43

10,865 12 1,087 4.78 22.16

8,281 7 500 6.86 18.53

8,233 5 507 6.51 19.96

8,981 6 525 6.52 20.80

24

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Colorado
Quantity (thousand short tons) Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,846 43 3,911 2.26 19.89 17,243 35 2,551 3.30 24.65 18,910 23 2,009 4.24 21.75 17,834 21 2,037 5.05 22.18 19,226 21 1,610 5.27 21.33

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

25

Colorado
Number of Mines by Production Range and Percent of Production, 1992
Production Range (thousand short tons) Mine Type 1,000 and over Number Underground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . All Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3 7 Percent 71 92 80 500 to 999 Number 2 0 2 Percent 13 0 7 100 to 499 Number 5 2 7 Percent 16 8 12 Number 4 1 5 < 100 Percent <1 <1 1

Coal Demand
Disposition Consumption (thousand short tons) Electric Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Coke Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residential and Commercial . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Year-End Utility Stocks (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Electricity Generation Total (million kilowatthours) . . . . . . . . . . . Coal (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nuclear (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

10,124 W W W 11,981

14,295 0 W W 15,242

15,924 0 729 58 16,710

15,416 0 738 65 16,218

15,902 0 735 58 16,696

6,367

4,989

3,298

3,466

3,410

23,638 79 3 18

28,812 91 <1 9

31,313 95 0 5

31,038 93 0 7

31,848 94 0 6

Utility Coal Data, 1992
Average Quality and Average Delivered Cost Heat Content (million Btu per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sulfur Content (percent by weight) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ash Content (percent by weight) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pounds of Sulfur per million Btu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dollars per million Btu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dollars per short ton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Produced in State 21.57 .42 8.26 .39 1.37 29.51 Receipts, All Sources 19.84 .38 7.01 .38 1.09 21.67

26

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Colorado

Estimated Total State Energy Consumption, 1991: 964 trillion Btu (coal, 322; natural gas, 268; petroleum, 345; nuclear electric power, 0; hydroelectric power, 17; other, 0; net interstate flow of electricity and associated losses, 12).

W = Withheld to avoid disclosure of individual company data. Notes: Totals may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Data coverage—Production: all mines. Number of mines: 1980, mines that produced 10,000 short tons or more; other years, all mines. Number of miners and productivity: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons and preparation plants that had 5,000 or more employee hours. Average mine price: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons. Average quality and average delivered cost of utility coal power plants with a generator nameplate capacity of 50 megawatts or more. Extent of coal-bearing areas and locations of coal-consuming plants shown on map are approximate; small coal deposits are not shown. Coal-producing counties shown on map exclude any county where all 1992 output was from mines producing less than 10,000 short tons. Sources: Energy Information Administration—U.S. Coal Reserves: An Update by Heat and Sulfur Content, February 1993; Coal Production 1992 and prior issues; Coal Data: A Reference; Quarterly Coal Report October-December 1992 and prior issues; Electric Power Annual 1991 and prior issues; Electric Power Monthly, March 1993; Cost and Quality of Fuels for Electric Power Plants 1992; Inventory of Power Plants in the United States 1992; State Energy Data Report 1991: Consumption Estimates ; Map of coal-bearing areas is based mainly on U.S. Geological Survey map, Coalfields of the United States, 1960. Data for historical graph 1890-1975, U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey and Bureau of Mines (Minerals Yearbook and annual predecessor Mineral Resources of the United States); 1976 forward, Energy Information Administration, Coal Production 1992 and prior issues.

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

27

Destination of Coal Produced in Colorado, 1992 (Million Short Tons)
WA

*
WI WY NV 0.2 CA UT 1.6

*
CO 11.2 NM

NE

*

KS 0.3

*

IA 0.1

*

MO 0.5

IL IN 0.5 0.8

AZ 0.2

*

TX 2.2 FL 0.2

*

Quantity is less than 0.1 million short tons.

Domestic 18.2 Exports 0.7 Total 18.9

Transportation modes, domestic markets (percent): rail, 75; water, 1; truck, 23; unknown, < 1. Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”

28

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Origin of Coal Received in Colorado, 1992 (Million Short Tons)

MT 0.1 WY 5.0 UT

PA

*

*

CO 11.2

*

Quantity is less than 0.1 million short tons.

Total

16.3

Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

29

State Coal Profile: Illinois
Coal is the most valuable mineral resource in Illinois. Coal production in recent years has accounted for about 60 percent of the estimated total value of all mineral production in the State, including crude oil and natural gas. Coal is abundant in Illinois, underlying two-thirds of the State in a large geologic depression called the Illinois Basin. The minable coalbeds are relatively thick, generally flat-lying, and continuous over extensive areas. Illinois coal is bituminous in rank and has a high sulfur content, a characteristic that hampers its use because of environmental concerns for air quality. Even when cleaned, the sulfur content is high, averaging 2 to 3 percent (by weight). The major coalbed among the eight mined in 1992 was the No. 6 (also known as the “Herrin”), which averages more than 6 feet in thick-ness. Some coal produced in the State is suitable for conversion into metallurgical coke. Coal was first reported in what is now Illinois by FrenchCanadian explorers who noted an outcrop along the Illinois River on a map made in the 1670's, recording for the first time the presence of coal in what is now the United States. Coal production began in the State in the early 1800's and, spurred by industrial development and railroad expansion, rose to an all-time high of 89 million short tons in 1918. Afterwards, coal output went into a general decline, dropping markedly during the Depression. It rose to meet the demands of World War II, but later decreased due to competition from oil and gas and the conversion of railroad loco-motives from coal to diesel-electric power. Beginning around 1960, increased demand for utility coal raised the production level. Since then, however, the demand for Illinois coal has been constrained because of such factors as the enactment of clean air standards, a decline in the demand for coking coal, and the development of nuclear electric power in the State. In recent years, about 60 million short tons of coal have been produced annually in Illinois. About two-thirds of the coal produced in Illinois since 1980 was from underground mines, historically the chief source of production. Most of the mines are very large operations, producing at an annual rate exceeding 1 million short tons each. The largest mine in 1992, producing over 3 million short tons, was the Captain surface mine of Arch of Illinois, in Perry County. Over 95 percent of the State's coal output is cleaned. The Captain coal preparation plant, near Percy, is the second-largest coal-cleaning facility in the United States, with a processing capacity of 2,850 short tons per hour. Perry, Saline, and Franklin Counties were the State's leading coal producers. More than two-thirds of the coal produced in Illinois in 1992 was shipped out of State, chiefly to Missouri and Indiana. About 1 million short tons of Illinois coal was exported to overseas markets. About 80 percent of the 32 million short tons of coal consumed in Illinois in 1992 was used to generate electricity. Nearly 60 percent of the utility coal was from Illinois, with most of the balance being low-sulfur coal from Wyoming and Montana. The largest coal-fired generating facility in Illinois is the 1,680megawatt Baldwin plant of Illinois Power Company, in Randolph County. Metallurgical coke was made from coal received from West Virginia, Virginia, and Kentucky. Other coal-consuming industries were largely manufacturers of food, chemical products, and cement.

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

27

Illinois
Coal Production, 1890-1992

Coal-bearing area Coal-producing county

Million Short Tons 1 00

Coal-fired power plant Coke plant

80

60
0 50 Miles 100

40

20

0 1 89 0 19 00 1 91 0 19 20 1 93 0 19 40 1 95 0 19 60 1 97 0 19 80 1 990

Total Area of State: 56,400 square miles Area Underlain by Coal: 37,700 square miles

First Year of Documented Coal Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1833 (6,000 short tons) Peak Year of Coal Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1918 (89,291,000 short tons)

Coal Reserves (Million Short Tons)
Type of Reserve Demonstrated Reserve Base: (January 1, 1992) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Estimated Recoverable Reserves: (January 1, 1992) Sulfur Content (pounds per million Btu) < 0.61 (low sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.61-1.67 (medium sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . > 1.67 (high sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Estimated Recoverable Reserves at Active Mines, Year-End 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Underground Surface Total

62,732

15,385

78,117

0 3,440 21,979 25,419 1,135

0 232 4,440 4,672 64

0 3,672 26,419 30,091 1,199

Production
Salient Data by Mine Type Underground Quantity (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Surface Quantity (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

34,969 31 12,610 1.49 25.58

37,343 34 10,349 1.92 31.78

41,671 28 7,407 2.70 28.30

43,134 33 7,056 2.88 29.05

46,965 29 6,780 3.21 27.93

27,574 28 5,125 2.70 22.86

21,858 20 3,509 2.69 29.14

18,722 17 2,611 3.64 26.45

17,124 18 2,046 4.30 26.59

12,892 14 1,543 4.47 26.69

28

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Illinois
Total Quantity (thousand short tons) Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62,543 59 17,735 1.86 24.39 59,201 54 13,858 2.14 30.80 60,393 45 10,018 2.94 27.73 60,258 51 9,102 3.18 28.35 59,857 43 8,323 3.42 27.66

Number of Mines by Production Range and Percent of Production, 1992
Production Range (thousand short tons) Mine Type 1,000 and over Number Underground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . All Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 4 27 Percent 94 70 89 500 to 999 Number 3 4 7 Percent 5 20 9 100 to 499 Number 1 3 4 Percent <1 9 2 Number 2 3 5 < 100 Percent <1 1 <1

Coal Demand
Disposition Consumption (thousand short tons) Electric Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Coke Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residential and Commercial . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Year-End Utility Stocks (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Electricity Generation Total (million kilowatthours) . . . . . . . . . . . Coal (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nuclear (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

34,610 1,810 3,265 155 39,840

31,608 2,358 3,399 236 37,601

27,396 W 3,888 W 33,904

27,754 W 4,426 W 34,677

25,338 W 3,839 W 31,776

11,681

6,977

7,398

6,977

7,399

103,420 65 27 8

103,667 61 38 1

126,977 42 57 1

127,851 42 56 2

124,837 40 59 1

Utility Coal Data, 1992
Average Quality and Average Delivered Cost Heat Content (million Btu per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sulfur Content (percent by weight) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ash Content (percent by weight) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pounds of Sulfur per million Btu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dollars per million Btu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dollars per short ton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Produced in State 22.51 2.63 9.33 2.34 1.58 35.52 Receipts, All Sources 21.33 1.91 8.19 1.79 1.74 37.06

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

29

Illinois

Estimated Total State Energy Consumption, 1991: 3,513 trillion Btu (coal, 758; natural gas, 1,006; petroleum, 1,111; nuclear electric power, 772; hydroelectric power, 1; other, 0; net interstate flow of electricity and associated losses, -134).

W = Withheld to avoid disclosure of individual company data. Notes: Totals may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Data coverage—Production: all mines. Number of mines: 1980, mines that produced 10,000 short tons or more; other years, all mines. Number of miners and productivity: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons and preparation plants that had 5,000 or more employee hours. Average mine price: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons. Average quality and average delivered cost of utility coal: power plants with a generator nameplate capacity of 50 megawatts or more. Extent of coal-bearing areas and locations of coal-consuming plants shown on map are approximate; small coal deposits are not shown. Coal-producing counties shown on map exclude any county where all 1992 output was from mines producing less than 10,000 short tons. Sources: Energy Information Administration—U.S. Coal Reserves: An Update by Heat and Sulfur Content, February 1993; Coal Production 1992 and prior issues; Coal Data: A Reference; Quarterly Coal Report October-December 1992 and prior issues; Electric Power Annual 1991 and prior issues; Electric Power Monthly, March 1993; Cost and Quality of Fuels for Electric Power Plants 1992; Inventory of Power Plants in the United States 1992; State Energy Data Report 1991: Consumption Estimates ; Map of coal-bearing areas is based mainly on U.S. Geological Survey map, Coalfields of the United States, 1960. Data for historical graph 1890-1975, U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey and Bureau of Mines (Minerals Yearbook and annual predecessor Mineral Resources of the United States); 1976 forward, Energy Information Administration, Coal Production 1992 and prior issues.

30

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Destination of Coal Produced in Illinois, 1992 (Million Short Tons)

MN

NY WI 1.1 MI

*
IA 1.2

MO 11.6 AR

IL IN 18.2 9.6

* *
KY SC GA 5.0

*

NJ

* *

TN 2.3 MS AL 1.9 0.6

*

FL 5.5

*

Quantity is less than 0.1 million short tons.

Domestic 57.7 Exports 1.2 Total 58.9

Transportation modes, domestic markets (percent): rail, 54; water, 35; truck, 8; tramway/conveyor, 3; unknown, < 1. Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

31

Origin of Coal Received in Illinois, 1992 (Million Short Tons)

MT 3.0 WY 4.4 UT 0.2 CO 0.5 IL IN 18.2 1.0
OH

PA

KY 1.8

*

WV VA 1 .5

*

0.5

*

Quantity is less than 0.1 million short tons.

Total

31.2

Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”
32
Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

State Coal Profile: Indiana
Indiana's mineral wealth lies mostly in its coal deposits, located in a triangular area in the southwestern part of the State. In 1992, coal production from the area accounted for an estimated 60 percent of the total value of all mineral production in Indiana. The Indiana coalfield composes the eastern part of the Illinois Basin, a large geologic depression that also underlies parts of Illinois and Kentucky. The coalbeds, which average more than 4 feet in thickness, are exposed or at shallow depths in the eastern part of the field and gradually become deeper westward. The use of Indiana's coal, all bituminous in rank, is environmentally handicapped by its high sulfur content, which averages more than 2 percent by weight. Production in 1992 was from about 15 coalbeds. The principle beds were the No. VI and No. V, which average about 5 feet in thickness. Coal was first discovered in Indiana along the Wabash River in 1736. By 1832, coal was being advertised for sale, and in 1837, the first coal company was officially incorporated and granted a charter by the State. By 1840, coal was being shipped on flatboats on the Wabash and other rivers. Indiana's coal output totaled more than 6 million short tons in 1900, rose to 31 million short tons during World War I, and then declined because of the Depression and competition from petroleum. Production increased to 28 million short tons during World War II, only to slump afterwards as many consumers switched to oil and natural gas and the railroads replaced coalburning locomotives with diesel-electric locomotives. In the 1960's, an increased demand for utility coal spurred production. A record of 38 million short tons was produced in 1984 as utilities built up stockpiles, spurring production, in anticipation of a major coal miners' strike. Production has since declined and, in 1992, was 30 million short tons. Nearly all of Indiana's coal production is from surface mining, which began in the State in 1918. The amount of surface-mined coal has increased almost steadily, and by the 1940's it usually exceeded the tonnage from underground mines. The State's largest producer in 1992, with about 3 million short tons, was the Old Ben No. 1 surface mine of Zeigler Coal Company, in Pike County. Warrick, Sullivan, Daviess, and Pike counties were the leading sources of Indiana's coal production. About three-fourths of the coal produced in Indiana in 1992 was for consumption in the State. Out-of-State shipments were mostly to power plants in Kentucky, Wisconsin, and Illinois. In 1992, Indiana's coal consumption totaled 59 million short tons, ranking it the second-largest coal-consuming State after Texas. Most of the coal consumed in Indiana was used to generate electricity. More than 40 percent of the utility coal was from mines in Indiana, with Wyoming and Illinois supplying most of the balance. Indiana's largest coalburning generating facility, with 3,140 megawatts, is the Gibson plant of Public Service Company of Indiana, in Gibson County. This is the third-largest coal-fired power plant in the United States. Indiana's coke plants carbonize coal produced mostly from West Virginia, Virginia, and Kentucky; none of the coal was from Indiana. In 1992, Indiana's coke output was the Nation's second largest, following Pennsylvania. Most of the coal consumed by other industries was used as a source of heat by manufacturers of aluminum and steel.

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

31

Indiana
Coal Production, 1890-1992

Million Short Tons

Coal-bearing area Coal-producing county Coal-fired power plant Coke plant

40

30

20

0

50 Miles

100

10

0 189 0 190 0 191 0 192 0 193 0 194 0 195 0 196 0 197 0 198 0 199 0

Total Area of State: 36,291 square miles Area Underlain by Coal: 6,500 square miles

First Year of Documented Coal Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1840 (9,682 short tons) Peak Year of Coal Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1984 (37,555,000 short tons)

Coal Reserves (Million Short Tons)
Type of Reserve Demonstrated Reserve Base: (January 1, 1992) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Estimated Recoverable Reserves: (January 1, 1992) Sulfur Content (pounds per million Btu) < 0.61 (low sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.61-1.67 (medium sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . > 1.67 (high sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Estimated Recoverable Reserves at Active Mines, Year-End 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Underground Surface Total

8,890

1,221

10,111

249 726 2,708 3,682 W

69 147 498 714 W

318 872 3,205 4,396 405

Production
Salient Data by Mine Type Underground Quantity (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Surface Quantity (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

688 4 133 2.26 W

2,053 4 455 1.79 28.84

3,037 5 524 2.90 W

2,832 4 447 2.97 W

2,641 4 422 2.80 W

30,185 83 5,182 2.88 W

31,262 66 4,732 2.97 26.39

32,870 59 3,671 3.96 W

28,636 54 3,472 4.17 W

27,825 47 3,230 4.28 W

32

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Indiana
Quantity (thousand short tons) Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30,873 87 5,315 2.86 20.72 33,316 70 5,187 2.85 26.54 35,907 64 4,195 3.84 23.91 31,468 58 3,919 4.02 23.58 30,466 51 3,652 4.09 23.41

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

33

Indiana
Number of Mines by Production Range and Percent of Production, 1992
Production Range (thousand short tons) Mine Type 1,000 and over Number Underground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . All Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 7 8 Percent 42 52 51 500 to 999 Number 1 12 13 Percent 31 29 29 100 to 499 Number 2 19 21 Percent 27 18 19 Number 0 9 9 < 100 Percent 0 1 1

Coal Demand
Disposition Consumption (thousand short tons) Electric Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Coke Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residential and Commercial . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Year-End Utility Stocks (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Electricity Generation Total (million kilowatthours) . . . . . . . . . . . Coal (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nuclear (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

33,664 11,989 4,610 222 50,485

38,310 9,338 5,119 524 53,291

47,654 8,867 4,629 551 61,701

47,720 8,234 4,404 433 60,790

46,943 7,153 4,260 411 58,767

12,262

11,322

10,610

9,953

11,294

70,618 99 0 1

78,484 99 0 1

97,738 98 0 2

98,200 98 0 2

97,304 98 0 2

Utility Coal Data, 1992
Average Quality and Average Delivered Cost Heat Content (million Btu per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sulfur Content (percent by weight) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ash Content (percent by weight) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pounds of Sulfur per million Btu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dollars per million Btu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dollars per short ton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Produced in State 22.29 2.46 9.07 2.21 1.24 27.68 Receipts, All Sources 21.26 1.88 8.43 1.77 1.31 27.89

34

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Indiana
Estimated Total State Energy Consumption, 1991: 2,421 trillion Btu (coal, 1,340; natural gas, 464; petroleum, 806; nuclear electric power, 0; hydroelectric power, 4; other, 0; net interstate flow of electricity and associated losses, -193).

W = Withheld to avoid disclosure of individual company data. Notes: Totals may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Data coverage—Production: all mines. Number of mines: 1980, mines that produced 10,000 short tons or more; other years, all mines. Number of miners and productivity: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons and preparation plants that had 5,000 or more employee hours. Average mine price: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons. Average quality and average delivered cost of utility coal: power plants with a generator nameplate capacity of 50 megawatts or more. Extent of coal-bearing areas and locations of coalconsuming plants shown on map are approximate; small coal deposits are not shown. Coal-producing counties shown on map exclude any county where all 1992 output was from mines producing less than 10,000 short tons. Sources: Energy Information Administration—U.S. Coal Reserves: An Update by Heat and Sulfur Content, February 1993; Coal Production 1992 and prior issues; Coal Data: A Reference; Quarterly Coal Report October-December 1992 and prior issues; Electric Power Annual 1991 and prior issues; Electric Power Monthly, March 1993; Cost and Quality of Fuels for Electric Power Plants 1992; Inventory of Power Plants in the United States 1992; State Energy Data Report 1991: Consumption Estimates; Map of coal-bearing areas is based mainly on U.S. Geological Survey map, Coalfields of the United States, 1960. Data for historical graph 1890-1975, U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey and Bureau of Mines (Minerals Yearbook and annual predecessor Mineral Resources of the United States); 1976 forward, Energy Information Administration, Coal Production 1992 and prior issues.

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

35

Destination of Coal Produced in Indiana, 1992 (Million Short Tons)

WI 1.5 IA 0.7

MI 0.3

OH IL IN 0.1 1.0 24.7 MO KY 1.7

*

TN 0.2 MS AL 0.1 GA 0.5

*

*

Quantity is less than 0.1 million short tons.

Domestic 31.2 Exports 0.2 Total 31.4

Transportation modes, domestic markets (percent): rail, 55; water, 16; truck, 27; tramway/conveyor, 2; unknown, < 1. Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”

36

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Origin of Coal Received in Indiana, 1992 (Million Short Tons)

MT 0.5 WY 11.8 OH CO 0.8

PA 0.4

IL IN 0.1 WV VA 9.6 24.7 KY 5.0 2.2 5.9 TN

*

*

Quantity is less than 0.1 million short tons.

Total

61.0

Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”
Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

37

State Coal Profile: Iowa
Bituminous coal is the only fossil fuel produced in Iowa. The coal output is small. The 289,000 short tons produced in 1992 ranked it 25th among the 27 coal-producing States. The value of the coal production was less than 2 percent of the estimated total value of all mineral commodities produced in Iowa. Iowa's coal-bearing areas, located in the northern part of the Western Interior coal region, underlie about one-third of the State. The coalbeds are often discontinuous and limited in extent. The coal is bituminous in rank. Although Iowa coal has a relatively high heat content, averaging around 20 million Btu per short ton, its use is limited because of its high sulfur content, which averages more than 3 percent by weight. Before use, it is blended with low-sulfur coal from other States to meet clean air regulations. Coal production in Iowa dates back to 1840, when a mine at Farmington, Van Buren County, supplied local markets and steamships that plied the Des Moines River. Following the Civil War, extensive railroad construction in Iowa provided access to new markets for Iowa coal producers and also increased the demand for coal as a railroad fuel. Iowa coal became an important source of coal for locomotives heading westward across the Great Plains. Before 1900, coal mining was a major industry in the State, and Iowa was the leading coal producing State west of the Mississippi River. Iowa's coal output peaked in 1917 at 9 million short tons. Afterwards, production dwindled as the railroads converted to diesel locomotives and other consumers switched to petroleum and natural gas or to better quality coal from other States, first from neighboring Illinois and, more recently, from Wyoming. Iowa's annual coal production dropped below 1 million short tons in the late 1960's, and has been less than 500,000 short tons since 1985. Iowa's coal output in 1992 was entirely from Marion County, in the southern part of the State. All production was from the Ford coalbed (also known as the Lower Ford and the Cherokee), which is about 4 feet thick. Production was all from surface mines; the last underground mine in Iowa closed in 1990. The Ameri-can No. 1 surface mine of American Coals Corporation was the leading producer in 1992. Virtually all of the coal produced in Iowa in 1992 was used within the State for electricity generation. However, considerably more coal was consumed in the State than was produced. Most of the 18 million short tons consumed in 1992 was from Wyoming. By far, electric utilities were the leading coal consumers in Iowa. The major coalburning generating facility is the 950-megawatt George Neal North plant of Iowa Public Service Company, in Woodbury County. Coal was also used in Iowa as a source of heat in corn milling to produce syrup, starch, and similar products.

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

35

Iowa
Coal Production, 1890-1992

Million Short Tons 10

8

6

4

2

0 18 90 19 00 19 10 19 20 19 30 19 40 19 50 19 60 19 70 19 80 19 90
Coal-bearing area Coal-producing county Coal-fired power plant Miles 0 50 100

Total Area of State: 56,290 square miles Area Underlain by Coal: 20,000 square miles

First Year of Documented Coal Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1840 (400 short tons) Peak Year of Coal Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1917 (8,966,000 short tons)

Coal Reserves (Million Short Tons)
Type of Reserve Demonstrated Reserve Base: (January 1, 1992) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Estimated Recoverable Reserves: (January 1, 1992) Sulfur Content (pounds per million Btu) < 0.61 (low sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.61-1.67 (medium sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . > 1.67 (high sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Estimated Recoverable Reserves at Active Mines, Year-End 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Underground Surface Total

1,733

458

2,190

0 0 807 807 0

0 0 320 320 W

0 0 1,128 1,128 W

Production
Salient Data by Mine Type Underground Quantity (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Surface Quantity (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

166 1 31 2.07 W

172 1 42 1.77 W

<1 1 NA NA NA

0 0 0 ---

0 0 0 ---

393 5 112 1.59 W

419 4 100 1.78 W

381 2 135 1.45 W

344 3 97 1.29 W

289 2 101 1.14 W

36

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Iowa
Quantity (thousand short tons) Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559 6 143 1.70 21.33 591 5 142 1.78 26.13 381 3 135 1.45 W 344 3 97 1.29 W 289 2 101 1.14 W

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

37

Iowa
Number of Mines by Production Range and Percent of Production, 1992
Production Range (thousand short tons) Mine Type 1,000 and over Number Underground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . All Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 Percent 0 0 0 500 to 999 Number 0 0 0 Percent 0 0 0 100 to 499 Number 0 1 1 Percent 0 88 88 Number 0 1 1 < 100 Percent 0 12 12

Coal Demand
Disposition Consumption (thousand short tons) Electric Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Coke Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residential and Commercial . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Year-End Utility Stocks (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Electricity Generation Total (million kilowatthours) . . . . . . . . . . . Coal (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nuclear (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

10,745 0 1,505 90 12,340

12,491 0 1,572 278 14,342

15,331 0 2,353 245 17,929

15,846 0 2,672 223 18,741

15,209 0 2,571 64 17,844

5,834

4,416

4,206

4,499

4,349

21,805 81 12 7

23,474 87 8 5

29,048 86 10 4

31,228 83 13 4

29,251 84 12 4

Utility Coal Data, 1992
Average Quality and Average Delivered Cost Heat Content (million Btu per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sulfur Content (percent by weight) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ash Content (percent by weight) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pounds of Sulfur per million Btu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dollars per million Btu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dollars per short ton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Produced in State 19.63 4.36 13.57 4.44 1.71 33.50 Receipts, All Sources 17.73 .67 5.78 .76 1.10 19.58

38

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Iowa
Estimated Total State Energy Consumption, 1991: 937 trillion Btu (coal, 346; natural gas, 235; petroleum, 309; nuclear electric power, 45; hydroelectric power, 9; other, <1; net interstate flow of electricity and associated losses, -7).

W = Withheld to avoid disclosure of individual company data. NA = Not available. Notes: Totals may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Data coverage—Production: all mines. Number of mines: 1980, mines that produced 10,000 short tons or more; other years, all mines. Number of miners and productivity: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons and preparation plants that had 5,000 or more employee hours. Average mine price: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons. Average quality and average delivered cost of utility coal: power plants with a generator nameplate capacity of 50 megawatts or more. Extent of coal-bearing areas and locations of coalconsuming plants shown on map are approximate; small coal deposits are not shown. Coal-producing counties shown on map exclude any county where all 1992 output was from mines producing less than 10,000 short tons. Sources: Energy Information Administration—U.S. Coal Reserves: An Update by Heat and Sulfur Content, February 1993; Coal Production 1992 and prior issues; Coal Data: A Reference; Quarterly Coal Report October-December 1992 and prior issues; Electric Power Annual 1991 and prior issues; Electric Power Monthly, March 1993; Cost and Quality of Fuels for Electric Power Plants 1992; Inventory of Power Plants in the United States 1992; State Energy Data Report 1991: Consumption Estimates; Map of coal-bearing areas is based mainly on U.S. Geological Survey map, Coalfields of the United States, 1960. Data for historical graph 1890-1975, U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey and Bureau of Mines (Minerals Yearbook and annual predecessor Mineral Resources of the United States); 1976 forward, Energy Information Administration, Coal Production 1992 and prior issues.

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

39

Destination of Coal Produced in Iowa, 1992 (Million Short Tons)

IA 0.3

Domestic Exports Total

0.3 0 0.3

Transportation modes, domestic markets (percent): truck, 100. Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”

40

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Origin of Coal Received in Iowa, 1992 (Million Short Tons)

WY 14.1 CO 0.1

IA 0.3

PA 0.2 IL IN 1.2 0.7
WV KY 0.3

*

*

Quantity is less than 0.1 million short tons.

Total

17.0

Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”
Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 41

State Coal Profile: Kansas
Coal mining is a relatively small industry in Kansas. Production in 1992 was estimated to account for less than 1 percent of the total value of all mineral com-modities produced in the State. Coal deposits underlie about one-fourth of Kansas. All of the economically important coal is bituminous in rank and located in the eastern part of the State. The minable coalbeds are generally flat-lying and average about 2 feet in thickness. Production in 1992 was from the Mineral and Croweburg coalbeds. Kansas coal has a high heat content, averaging more than 21 million Btu per short ton, but the use of the coal is constrained by its high sulfur content, which averages about 4 percent by weight. Historically, coal production had an important role in the development of Kansas. Although coal was mined in the mid-1850's, the first commercially important coal production began in 1865 when a mine near Fort Scott, in southeastern Kansas, began supplying coal for railroad locomotives. Later, other coal mines were opened to meet a growing demand for coal for the railroads and for domestic and industrial customers, including the large zinc and lead industry that developed in southeastern Kansas and adjoining States. Coal production reached a peak of nearly 8 million short tons in 1918, when over 40 percent of the output was used by the railroads. Production in subsequent years trended downward, falling to 2 million short tons in the early 1930's. This was the result of a decline in economic activity due to the Depression, a drop in the railroad market as steam locomotives converted from coal to fuel oil, and competition in other markets from the oil and natural gas produced from large fields discovered in the State. Although coal production increased to 4 million short tons during World War II, it declined sharply afterwards, due largely to competition from petroleum. Annual production in recent years has fallen below 1 million short tons and was 363,000 short tons in 1992. Underground mines produced large amounts of coal in Kansas in the early years, but all the coal produced since 1964 has been from surface mines. Surface mining began in Kansas in the 1870's, when an early steam shovel was used to remove overburden from a coalbed near Pittsburg. As surface mining equipment improved, production from surface mines increased and in 1931 exceeded that from underground mines. In 1992, all production was from Crawford County. The leading producer was Clemens No. 2 strip mine of Clemens Coal Company. About half of the output was used in Kansas, and the rest was shipped to consumers in Missouri. Contrasting with the small coal production in Kansas, annual coal consumption in Kansas has risen from less than 1 million short tons in the early 1970's and totaled 14 million short tons in 1992. Virtually all of the coal is used to generate electricity. This dramatic rise occurred because rising costs for oil and natural gas in the 1970's made coal the most economical fuel for power plants in the State. Of the total utility coal consumed in Kansas, most is lowsulfur subbituminous coal from Wyoming. Wyoming coal is used in the State's largest coal-fired generating facility, the 2,047-megawatt Jeffrey Energy Center of Kansas Power & Light Company, in Pottawatomie County. A small amount of coal is also used by cement plants in the State.

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

39

Kansas
Coal Production, 1890-1992

Million Short Tons 8

6

4

2

0 189 0 1 90 0 1 91 0 1 92 0 1 93 0 1 940 1 950 19 60 19 70 19 80 19 90

Coal-bearing area 0 Coal-producing county Coal-fired power plant Miles 50 100

Total Area of State: 82,264 square miles Area Underlain by Coal: 18,800 square miles

First Year of Documented Coal Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1869 (36,891 short tons) Peak Year of Coal Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1918 (7,562,000 short tons)

Coal Reserves (Million Short Tons)
Type of Reserve Demonstrated Reserve Base: (January 1, 1992) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Estimated Recoverable Reserves: (January 1, 1992) Sulfur Content (pounds per million Btu) < 0.61 (low sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.61-1.67 (medium sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . > 1.67 (high sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Estimated Recoverable Reserves at Active Mines, Year-End 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Underground Surface Total

0

977

977

0 0 0 0 0

0 0 684 684 W

0 0 684 684 W

Production
Salient Data by Mine Type Underground Quantity (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Surface Quantity (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

0 0 0 ---

0 0 0 ---

0 0 0 ---

0 0 0 ---

0 0 0 ---

842 8 274 1.72 26.54

994 5 228 2.44 26.00

721 4 132 2.03 W

416 3 92 2.15 W

363 2 96 2.21 W

40

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Kansas
Quantity (thousand short tons) Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 842 8 274 1.72 26.54 994 5 228 2.44 26.00 721 4 132 2.03 W 416 3 92 2.15 W 363 2 96 2.21 W

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

41

Kansas
Number of Mines by Production Range and Percent of Production, 1992
Production Range (thousand short tons) Mine Type 1,000 and over Number Underground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . All Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 Percent 0 0 0 500 to 999 Number 0 0 0 Percent 0 0 0 100 to 499 Number 0 1 1 Percent 0 83 83 Number 0 1 1 < 100 Percent 0 17 17

Coal Demand
Disposition Consumption (thousand short tons) Electric Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Coke Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residential and Commercial . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Year-End Utility Stocks (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Electricity Generation Total (million kilowatthours) . . . . . . . . . . . Coal (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nuclear (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

10,035 0 331 5 10,371

14,351 0 363 1 14,715

15,018 0 157 0 15,175

14,732 0 148 0 14,881

14,068 0 158 0 14,227

4,667

3,513

3,729

3,310

2,747

25,134 64 0 36

27,512 80 14 6

33,869 70 23 7

32,315 73 18 9

31,764 70 27 3

Utility Coal Data, 1992
Average Quality and Average Delivered Cost Heat Content (million Btu per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sulfur Content (percent by weight) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ash Content (percent by weight) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pounds of Sulfur per million Btu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dollars per million Btu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dollars per short ton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Produced in State 24.39 3.54 11.70 2.90 1.29 31.57 Receipts, All Sources 17.80 .49 5.74 0.55 1.18 20.99

42

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Kansas
Estimated Total State Energy Consumption, 1991: 1,039 trillion Btu (coal, 269; natural gas, 372; petroleum, 395; nuclear electric power, 63; hydroelectric power, <1; other, 0; net interstate flow of electricity and associated losses, -59).

W = Withheld to avoid disclosure of individual company data. Notes: Totals may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Data coverage—Production: all mines. Number of mines: 1980, mines that produced 10,000 short tons or more; other years, all mines. Number of miners and productivity: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons and preparation plants that had 5,000 or more employee hours. Average mine price: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons. Average quality and average delivered cost of utility coal: power plants with a generator nameplate capacity of 50 megawatts or more. Extent of coal-bearing areas and locations of coal-consuming plants shown on map are approximate; small coal deposits are not shown. Coal-producing counties shown on map exclude any county where all 1992 output was from mines producing less than 10,000 short tons. Sources: Energy Information Administration—U.S. Coal Reserves: An Update by Heat and Sulfur Content, February 1993; Coal Production 1992 and prior issues; Coal Data: A Reference; Quarterly Coal Report October-December 1992 and prior issues; Electric Power Annual 1991 and prior issues; Electric Power Monthly, March 1993; Cost and Quality of Fuels for Electric Power Plants 1992; Inventory of Power Plants in the United States 1992; State Energy Data Report 1991: Consumption Estimates; Map of coal-bearing areas is based mainly on U.S. Geological Survey map, Coalfields of the United States, 1960. Data for historical graph 1890-1975, U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey and Bureau of Mines (Minerals Yearbook and annual predecessor Mineral Resources of the United States); 1976 forward, Energy Information Administration, Coal Production 1992 and prior issues.

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

43

Destination of Coal Produced in Kansas, 1992 (Million Short Tons)

KS 0.2

MO 0.2

Domestic Exports Total

0.4 0 0.4

Transportation modes, domestic markets (percent): rail, 6; truck, 92; unknown, 2. Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”

44

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Origin of Coal Received in Kansas, 1992 (Million Short Tons)

WY 13.5 CO 0.3 IL 0.6
WV

PA

*

KS 0.2 OK

MO

*

* *
KY

*

*

Quantity is less than 0.1 million short tons.

Total

14.8

Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”
Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 45

State Coal Profile: Kentucky
Kentucky is one of the major coal-producing States, with an annual output averaging over 160 million short tons in recent years. It was the Nation's leading coal producer until 1988, holding that position for over a decade before losing it to Wyoming. In 1992, Kentucky was the thirdleading coal-producing State, following Wyoming and West Virginia. Coal is by far the most important mineral commodity produced in Kentucky. The 1992 coal output was estimated to represent about 90 percent of the total value of all minerals produced, including oil and gas. Royalties from Federal coal leases totaled close to $1 million, which was disbursed equally to the State and the Federal Government. Kentucky's economic coal deposits consist of bituminous coal. The State's two coalfields, one in the East and the other in the West, are separated by a large geologic uplift, the Cincinnati arch. The eastern field, the larger of the two, is part of the Appalachian coal basin. The western field is a continuation of the Illinois coal basin, which also underlies parts of Illinois and Indiana. The coalfields are distinct in several ways due to different geologic conditions of coal formation in each area. The eastern field contains more than 40 minable coalbeds, ranging from 2 to 4 feet in thickness. The coal generally has a heat content of about 26 million Btu per short ton and a sulfur content of 1 to 2 percent, by weight. Premium-grade metallurgical coal is present in some areas. By comparison, the western field has less than 20 minable coalbeds, which average 5 feet in thick-ness. The heat content of the coal is slightly lower than in the eastern field, but the sulfur content is higher, about 3 to 4 percent, which is an environmental short-coming. The metallurgical coal found in western Kentucky is low grade. Because of these differences in coal quality, the eastern field has become Kentucky's chief source of coal production and the only area in the State where metallurgical coal is mined. In the eastern field, the major coalbeds in 1992 were the Hazard No. 4, Hazard, and Lower Elkhorn. In the western field, the No. 9 coalbed accounted for about half of production. Coal was discovered in Kentucky in the mid-1700's, but production was small until the mid-1800's. The industry developed rapidly after 1910 as railroads were expanded into the coalfields. Early production was used in local iron furnaces, as a source of heat for salt production, and as fuel for locomotives and river steamers. Coal production exceeded 5 million short tons at the turn of the century, rose to about 69 million short tons in 1927, and then dropped to half that amount during the Depression years. Responding to the demands of World War II and the postwar Marshall Plan, Kentucky's coal output rose to 84 million short tons in 1947. Afterwards, production declined in the face of competition from petroleum, including the replacement of coal-fired locomotives with diesel-electric engines. The 1960's saw annual production recover and trend upward, due mainly to a growing market for utility coal. Production reached a record of 173 million short tons in 1990 and was 161 million short tons in 1992. Nearly 60 percent of Kentucky's coal output is from underground mines, historically the principal source of production. Surface mining, which began in the 1920's, has increased almost steadily since World War II. During some years in the 1970's and early 1980's, surface mines produced more than half of the State's coal. Although Kentucky has the largest number of coal mines in the United States, more than half are small mines that annually produce less than 100,000 short tons each. As a result, the bulk of the State's coal production is from the relatively few larger mines. The State's largest mine in 1992, producing about 4 million short tons, was the No. 9 Wheatcroft underground mine of Costain Coal Inc., in Webster County. Pike County was by far Kentucky's leader in tonnage, with about one-fourth of the total. Federal leases accounted for less than 1 percent of the State's coal output in 1992. Kentucky's coal mining labor force in 1992 was the Nation's second largest after West Virginia. Most of Kentucky's coal produced in 1992 was shipped out of the State. About 90 percent was marketed domestically, nearly all in the East, and the rest was exported. Coal consumption in Kentucky in 1992 totaled 35 million short tons, most of it from the State's coalfields. Electric utilities were the major coal consumers, using mostly Kentucky coal supplemented by small amounts
43

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

from West Virginia and Indiana. The largest coal-burning generating facility is the 2,159-megawatt Paradise plant of the Tennessee Valley Authority, in Muhlenberg County. Small amounts of coal, mostly from Kentucky and West Virginia, were also used to produce metallurgical coke and as sources of heat, chiefly in the manufacture of plastics and similar products, inorganic chemicals, metals, and lime.

44

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Kentucky
Coal Production, 1890-1992

Million Short Tons 2 00

1 50

1 00

50

0 1 89 0 1 90 0 191 0 192 0 19 30 19 40 19 50 19 60 19 70 19 80 1 990

Coal-bearing area Coal-producing county Coal-fired power plant Coke plant

0

50 Miles

100

Total Area of State: 40,395 square miles Area Underlain by Coal: 14,600 square miles

First Year of Documented Coal Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1828 (328 short tons) Peak Year of Coal Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1990 (173,322,000 short tons)

Coal Reserves (Million Short Tons)
Type of Reserve Demonstrated Reserve Base: (January 1, 1992) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Estimated Recoverable Reserves: (January 1, 1992) Sulfur Content (pounds per million Btu) < 0.61 (low sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.61-1.67 (medium sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . > 1.67 (high sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Estimated Recoverable Reserves at Active Mines, Year-End 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Underground Surface Total

23,708

5,368

29,077

1,908 1,891 7,246 11,045 1,024

367 653 2,306 3,325 429

2,274 2,544 9,552 14,370 1,453

Production
Salient Data by Mine Type Underground Quantity (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Surface Quantity (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

79,162 647 30,581 1.41 30.06

81,236 921 22,877 1.94 29.15

105,290 627 20,898 2.54 25.24

97,332 542 18,481 2.71 25.92

96,053 482 16,888 2.91 25.18

70,982 503 15,814 2.32 25.05

71,036 937 13.937 2.69 27.19

68,032 360 9,600 3.43 25.11

61,647 296 8,161 3.66 24.70

65,016 270 7,736 3.75 23.50

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

45

Kentucky
Quantity (thousand short tons) Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150,144 1,150 46,395 1.74 27.62 152,272 1,858 36,814 2.23 28.24 173,322 987 30,498 2.83 25.19 158,980 838 26,642 3.01 25.45 161,068 752 24,624 3.20 24.50

46

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Kentucky
Number of Mines by Production Range and Percent of Production, 1992
Production Range (thousand short tons) Mine Type 1,000 and over Number Underground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . All Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 14 34 Percent 40 37 39 500 to 999 Number 16 24 40 Percent 11 25 17 100 to 499 Number 161 85 246 Percent 38 32 36 Number 285 147 432 < 100 Percent 11 6 8

Coal Demand
Disposition Consumption (thousand short tons) Electric Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Coke Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residential and Commercial . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Year-End Utility Stocks (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Electricity Generation Total (million kilowatthours) . . . . . . . . . . . Coal (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nuclear (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

24,383 905 1,969 267 27,524

27,085 W 2,510 W 30,990

30,867 W 2,253 W 34,449

31,432 W 2,044 W 34,517

31,715 W 1,648 W 34,704

9,948

6,864

7,612

5,881

5,415

57,108 94 0 6

63,047 95 0 5

73,807 96 0 4

75,505 95 0 5

77,351 95 0 5

Utility Coal Data, 1992
Average Quality and Average Delivered Cost Heat Content (million Btu per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sulfur Content (percent by weight) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ash Content (percent by weight) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pounds of Sulfur per million Btu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dollars per million Btu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dollars per short ton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Produced in State 24.39 1.73 9.81 1.42 1.47 35.94 Receipts, All Sources 23.24 2.44 11.60 2.10 1.16 27.01

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

47

Kentucky
Estimated Total State Energy Consumption, 1991: 1,477 trillion Btu (coal,805; natural gas, 196; petroleum, 508; nuclear electric power, 0; hydroelectric power, 38; other, 0; net interstate flow of electricity and associated losses, -71).

W = Withheld to avoid disclosure of individual company data. Notes: Totals may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Data coverage—Production: all mines. Number of mines: 1980, mines that produced 10,000 short tons or more; other years, all mines. Number of miners and productivity: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons and preparation plants that had 5,000 or more employee hours. Average mine price: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons. Average quality and average delivered cost of utility coal: power plants with a generator nameplate capacity of 50 megawatts or more. Extent of coal-bearing areas and locations of coalconsuming plants shown on map are approximate; small coal deposits are not shown. Coal-producing counties shown on map exclude any county where all 1992 output was from mines producing less than 10,000 short tons. Sources: Energy Information Administration—U.S. Coal Reserves: An Update by Heat and Sulfur Content, February 1993; Coal Production 1992 and prior issues; Coal Data: A Reference; Quarterly Coal Report October-December 1992 and prior issues; Electric Power Annual 1991 and prior issues; Electric Power Monthly, March 1993; Cost and Quality of Fuels for Electric Power Plants 1992; Inventory of Power Plants in the United States 1992; State Energy Data Report 1991: Consumption Estimates; Map of coal-bearing areas is based mainly on U.S. Geological Survey map, Coalfields of the United States, 1960. Data for historical graph 1890-1975, U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey and Bureau of Mines (Minerals Yearbook and annual predecessor Mineral Resources of the United States); 1976 forward, Energy Information Administration, Coal Production 1992 and prior issues.

48

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Destination of Coal Produced in Kentucky, 1992 (Million Short Tons)
ME 0.8 ID MN 0.2 IA 0.3 KS NY 1.3 MA 0.7 CT 0.8 NJ 0.2 MD 0.3

* *

PA 2.4 OH IL IN 9.2 WV VA 1.8 5.9 KY 0.7 5.2 MO 27.9 0.8 NC 12.5 TN 18.8 SC AR 9.8 MS AL GA 1.8 5.0 13.1 LA 0.3 FL 16.5

WI 1.3

MI 8.1

*

*

Quantity is less than 0.1 million short tons.

Domestic 147.8 Exports 14.0 Total 161.9

Transportation modes, domestic markets (percent): rail, 58; water, 31; truck, 8; tramway/conveyor, 1; unknown, 1. Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

49

Origin of Coal Received in Kentucky, 1992 (Million Short Tons)

WY

*

PA IL IN 1.7
WV VA 3.8

*

*

KY 27.9

*

TN

*

*

Quantity is less than 0.1 million short tons.

Total

33.5

Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”
50 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

State Coal Profile: Louisiana
Coal is a relatively new source of energy in Louisiana. Large amounts of coal from other States were first consumed in Louisiana in the early 1980's to generate electricity. Production and consumption of Louisiana's coal, all lignite, began in the mid-1980's. Although the annual output of lignite has risen to about 3 million short tons, its role in Louisiana's economy is greatly overshadowed by the large amounts of natural gas and crude oil produced in the State. Lignite deposits of commercial importance occur in the northwestern part of Louisiana. Lignite was found in that area as early as 1812, nearly a century before petroleum was discovered in the State. In the early 1800's, small amounts of lignite dug from outcrops were used locally as fuel for blacksmithing and domestic heating. Around the turn of the century, lignite was used to heat a school near Mansfield. It was also tested as a locomotive fuel, but found unsuitable. Attempts to mine lignite underground were short-lived, due not only to a lack of markets, but also to the difficulty of mining under strata that had to be supported with extensive timbering. Interest in lignite faded in the early 1900's when the State's large oil and gas fields were developed. Interest in Louisiana's lignite was renewed during World War II when the Nation assessed its mineral resources. The lignite could not compete as a fuel, but it had potential as raw material for making certain chemicals, dyes, fertilizers, and livestock feeds. A large amount of such products had been imported from Europe, particularly Germany. However, Louisiana's lignite was never used during the war. In the 1950's and 1960's, lignite was recognized as a potential fuel for generating electricity in the State, and large reserves were delineated in the Dolet Hills area, near Mansfield, De Soto Parish. At the time, however, lignite was not cost-competitive. The economics changed in the late 1970's as pricing and legislation limited the use of natural gas as a power plant fuel. As a result, when the Central Louisiana Electric Company, Incorporated, and the Southwestern Electric Power Company evaluated their options to meet a growing demand for electricity, they jointly agreed that a mine-mouth power plant, fueled with lignite, would be the most economical choice. The site selected for both a surface mine and a power plant was Dolet Hills. In 1985, the Dolet Hills mine, operated by Dolet Hills Mining Company, began supplying lignite to the power plant's stockpile by use of a 7.5-mile-long conveyor. The following year, the power plant began commercial operations with a generating capability of 650 megawatts. In late 1989, a second, smaller surface mine was opened in nearby Red River Parish to provide an additional source of lignite, delivered by truck to the power plant. In general, the lignite beds mined (part of the Wilcox Group) average 6 feet in thickness. In 1992, Louisiana's lignite output climbed to a record of more than 3 million short tons. It accounted for about onefourth of the 14 million short tons of coal consumed in the State. Wyoming was by far the principal source of coal consumed in Louisiana, nearly all used to generate electricity. The State's largest coal-burning power plant is the 1,620-megawatt Big Cajun 2, operated by Cajun Electric Power Cooperative, Inc., in Pointe Coupee Parish. The plant is fueled with Wyoming subbituminous coal. The industrial use of coal in Louisiana is largely centered at a coal gasification plant at Plaquemine. The plant, placed in service in 1987, is one of three U.S. coal gasification plants currently in commercial use. It is operated by Destec Energy, Incorporated, to supply electricity and superheated steam to an adjacent chemical complex of the Dow Chemical Company. The plant has a generating capacity of 160 megawatts and uses more than 2,000 short tons of coal per day, all low-sulfur subbituminous coal from Wyoming. A small amount of coal from Kentucky is also used in paperboard manufacturing. Large amounts of coal from other States are exported through the New Orleans Customs District, which includes the port areas of New Orleans and Baton Rouge on the lower Mississippi River. The coal is handled at terminals and also transloaded midstream from barges to ships. In 1992, about 13 million short tons of coal, mostly steam coal, were exported through the New Orleans
47

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Customs District. This represented about 13 percent of total U.S. coal exports and ranked New Orleans as the third-largest coal-exporting district, following Norfolk, Virginia, and Cleveland, Ohio. Small amounts of coal for power plants in other southern States have also been imported through New Orleans.

48

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Louisiana
Coal Production, 1890-1992
Coal-bearing area Coal-producing parish Coal-fired power plant Coal gasification plant

Million Short Tons

3
0 50 100

Miles

2

1

0 18 90 1 90 0 19 10 1 92 0 19 30 1 94 0 19 50 1 96 0 19 70 1 98 0 19 90

Total Area of State: 48,523 square miles Area Underlain by Coal: 1,360 square miles

First Year of Documented Coal Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1985 (207,000 short tons) Peak Year of Coal Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1992 (3,240,000 short tons)

Coal Reserves (million short tons)
Type of Reserve Demonstrated Reserve Base: (January 1, 1992) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Estimated Recoverable Reserves: (January 1, 1992) Sulfur Content (pounds per million Btu) < 0.61 (low sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.61-1.67 (medium sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . > 1.67 (high sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Estimated Recoverable Reserves at Active Mines, Year-End 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Underground Surface Total

0

484

484

0 0 0 0 0

0 359 0 359 W

0 359 0 359 W

Production
Salient Data by Mine Type Underground Quantity (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Surface Quantity (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

0 0 0 ---

0 0 0 ---

0 0 0 ---

0 0 0 ---

0 0 0 ---

0 0 0 ---

207 1 72 2.34 W

3,186 2 103 13.16 W

3,151 2 103 12.56 W

3,240 2 77 12.43 W

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

49

Louisiana
Quantity (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 --207 1 72 2.34 W 3,186 2 103 13.16 W 3,151 2 103 12.56 W 3,240 2 77 12.43 W

50

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Louisiana
Number of Mines by Production Range and Percent of Production, 1992
Production Range (thousand short tons) Mine Type 1,000 and over Number Underground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . All Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 1 Percent 0 83 83 500 to 999 Number 0 1 1 Percent 0 17 17 100 to 499 Number 0 0 0 Percent 0 0 0 Number 0 0 0 < 100 Percent 0 0 0

Coal Demand
Disposition Consumption (thousand short tons) Electric Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Coke Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residential and Commercial . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Year-End Utility Stocks (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Electricity Generation Total (million kilowatthours) . . . . . . . . . . . Coal (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nuclear (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

0 0 107 4 111

8,760 0 W W 9,217

11,748 0 W W 12,547

12,406 0 W W 12,965

13,025 0 W W 13,622

0

1,978

2,458

2,235

1,701

45,744 0 0 100

44,261 32 6 62

58,168 31 24 45

57,158 33 24 43

55,188 36 19 45

Utility Coal Data, 1992
Average Quality and Average Delivered Cost Heat Content (million Btu per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sulfur Content (percent by weight) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ash Content (percent by weight) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pounds of Sulfur per million Btu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dollars per million Btu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dollars per short ton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Produced in State 13.90 .62 12.14 .89 1.38 19.22 Receipts, All Sources 16.24 .50 7.20 .62 1.54 24.93

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

51

Louisiana
Estimated Total State Energy Consumption, 1991: 3,469 trillion Btu (coal, 214; natural gas, 1,579; petroleum, 1445; nuclear electric power, 150; hydroelectric power, 0; other, 0; net interstate flow of electricity and associated losses, 81).

W = Withheld to avoid disclosure of individual company data. Notes: Totals may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Data coverage—Production: all mines. Number of mines: 1980, mines that produced 10,000 short tons or more; other years, all mines. Number of miners and productivity: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons and preparation plants that had 5,000 or more employee hours. Average mine price: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons. Average quality and average delivered cost of utility coal power plants with a generator nameplate capacity of 50 megawatts or more. Extent of coal-bearing areas and locations of coalconsuming plants shown on map are approximate; small coal deposits are not shown. Coal-producing counties shown on map exclude any county where all 1992 output was from mines producing less than 10,000 short tons. Sources: Energy Information Administration—U.S. Coal Reserves: An Update by Heat and Sulfur Content, February 1993; Coal Production 1992 and prior issues; Coal Data: A Reference; Quarterly Coal Report October-December 1992 and prior issues; Electric Power Annual 1991 and prior issues; Electric Power Monthly, March 1993; Cost and Quality of Fuels for Electric Power Plants 1992; Inventory of Power Plants in the United States 1992; State Energy Data Report 1991: Consumption Estimates; Map of coal-bearing areas is based mainly on U.S. Geological Survey map, Coalfields of the United States, 1960. Data for historical graph 1890-1975, U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey and Bureau of Mines (Minerals Yearbook and annual predecessor Mineral Resources of the United States); 1976 forward, Energy Information Administration, Coal Production 1992 and prior issues.

52

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Destination of Coal Produced in Louisiana, 1992 (Million Short Tons)

LA 3.2

Domestic Exports Total

3.2 0 3.2

Transportation modes, domestic markets (percent): truck, 17; tramway/conveyor, 83. Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

53

Origin of Coal Received in Louisiana, 1992 (Million Short Tons)

WY 10.0

OH
KY 0.3

PA

*

*

LA 3.2

*

Quantity is less than 0.1 million short tons.

Total

13.5

Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”
54 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

State Coal Profile: Maryland
Coal is the principal mineral fuel produced in the State, which also has a small output of natural gas from a deposit in the coal mining area. In 1992, the coal produced was estimated to represent about one-fifth of the total value of Maryland's mineral production. Maryland's coal deposits are located in two western counties, Allegany and Garrett. The coal, all bituminous in rank, occurs in five elongated fields on the Allegheny Plateau, which composes the eastern edge of the Appalachian Coal Basin in the State. The coalbeds are moderately inclined on the flanks of the fields, but are generally flat within the fields. Production is largely from two adjoining fields, Georges Creek and Potomac. Although about 13 coalbeds were mined in 1992, nearly three-fourths of the total output was from the Upper Freeport coalbed. The beds mined range from 2 to 10 feet in thickness. In recent years, both steam and metallurgical coal have been produced, the latter for the export market. Maryland's coal production began in the 1780's, when small amounts were mined for Fort Cumberland, a frontier outpost. In 1830, the first coal shipments eastward were made by barge down the Potomac River, a route later abandoned because of the rapids in the river. The State's first coal mining company was incorporated in 1836, but coal production did not become important until the Baltimore and Ohio Rail-road reached Cumberland in 1842. In 1850, the opening of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal from Cumberland to Washington, D.C., provided another route for coal shipments. Over 21 million short tons of coal were transported on the canal before it closed in 1923. Maryland's coal production rose above 1 million short tons in 1865, exceeded 4 million short tons by the turn of the century, and reached an all-time high of about 6 million short tons in 1907. A small amount of the coal produced in the early 1900's was a premium smithing (blacksmith) coal that was specially processed and delivered in box cars to customers throughout the Uni-ted
Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 51

States and in Canada. Coal production declined sharply after 1920, reflecting downturns in the economy, recurrent labor problems, and the extensive

replacement of coal by petroleum. Production fell below 1 million short tons during the 1950's and early 1960's before the trend turned upwards, due mostly to an increasing use of coal to generate electricity. Over 3 million short tons were produced in 1992. Before World War II, underground mines accounted for most of Maryland's coal production. A rising demand during the war and a shortage of manpower at underground mines led to an increase in surface coal mining. Surface mines predominated until the early 1980's, when underground production once again became the largest source of production, accounting for more than half of the total in recent years. The State's largest mine in 1992, producing more than 2 million short tons, was the Mettiki underground mine of Mapco Coal Inc., in Garrett County. Garrett County accounted for the bulk of the State's coal output in 1992. Of the coal produced in 1992, more than 90 percent was for domestic markets and the rest was exported overseas. About 60 percent of domestic shipments were to electric power plants in West Virginia. Maryland's power plants received nearly all of the balance. About 10 million short tons of coal were consumed in Maryland in 1992. Electric power plants were the major consumers, receiving about 10 percent of their requirements from mines in Maryland and most of the balance from West Virginia and Pennsylvania. Maryland's largest coal-generating facility is the 1,284-megawatt Brandon Shores plant of Baltimore Gas & Electric Company, in Anne Arundel County. Small amounts of coal were used by other consumers, chiefly cement plants and a paper mill. Until early 1992, a coke plant was in operation at the Sparrows Point Steel Plant of Bethlehem Steel Corporation, near Baltimore. The Baltimore Customs District is an important East Coast coal-exporting region, handling metallurgical and steam coal produced in northern Appalachia. In 1992, it accounted for 15 percent of the coal exported from the East Coast and 9 percent of total U.S. coal exports. Export coal is handled at the Bayside Transhipping Facility and the CONSOL Coal Terminal.

52

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Maryland
Coal Production, 1890-1992

Million Short Tons 6

5

4
0 50 Miles 100

3

2
Coal-bearing area

1
Coal-producing county Coal-fired power plant

0 1 890 19 00 19 10 19 20 19 30 19 40 195 0 196 0 1 97 0 1 98 0 1 99 0

Total Area of State: 10,577 square miles Area Underlain by Coal: 440 square miles

First Year of Documented Coal Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1820 (3,000 short tons) Peak Year of Coal Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1907 (5,533,000 short tons)

Coal Reserves (Million Short Tons)
Type of Reserve Demonstrated Reserve Base: (January 1, 1992) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Estimated Recoverable Reserves: (January 1, 1992) Sulfur Content (pounds per million Btu) < 0.61 (low sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.61-1.67 (medium sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . > 1.67 (high sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Estimated Recoverable Reserves at Active Mines, Year-End 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Underground Surface Total

664

86

750

29 158 177 364 W

3 22 34 58 W

32 180 210 422 59

Production
Salient Data by Mine Type Underground Quantity (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Surface Quantity (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

1,494 4 561 1.48 38.80

1,785 6 375 2.48 W

1,985 1 288 3.17 W

2,631 2 309 3.73 W

2,270 3 228 3.50 W

2,266 28 526 2.13 20.82

1,200 39 303 2.45 W

1,502 26 301 2.66 W

1,142 24 215 2.23 W

1,071 21 210 2.13 W

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

53

Maryland
Quantity (thousand short tons) Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,760 32 1,087 1.79 28.47 2,985 45 678 2.47 27.40 3,487 27 589 2.93 25.97 3,773 26 524 3.11 25.73 3,341 24 438 2.91 25.39

54

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Maryland
Number of Mines by Production Range and Percent of Production, 1992
Production Range (thousand short tons) Mine Type 1,000 and over Number Underground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . All Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 1 Percent 99 0 68 500 to 999 Number 0 0 0 Percent 0 0 0 100 to 499 Number 0 4 4 Percent 0 57 18 Number 2 17 19 < 100 Percent 1 43 14

Coal Demand
Disposition Consumption (thousand short tons) Electric Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Coke Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residential and Commercial . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Year-End Utility Stocks (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Electricity Generation Total (million kilowatthours) . . . . . . . . . . . Coal (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nuclear (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

5,908 2,645 723 36 9,312

7,046 W 718 W 10,013

8,945 W 945 W 11,193

8,632 W 1,040 W 10,709

9,001 W 718 W 9,733

1,376

1,636

2,114

2,220

2,400

32,174 45 34 21

32,300 55 31 14

31,497 74 4 22

38,215 59 24 17

39,426 60 27 13

Utility Coal Data, 1992
Average Quality and Average Delivered Cost Heat Content (million Btu per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sulfur Content (percent by weight) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ash Content (percent by weight) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pounds of Sulfur per million Btu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dollars per million Btu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dollars per short ton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Produced in State 25.13 1.69 12.94 1.35 1.38 34.66 Receipts, All Sources 25.51 1.36 10.47 1.07 1.60 40.68

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

55

Maryland
Estimated Total State Energy Consumption, 1991: 1,215 trillion Btu (coal, 275; natural gas, 178; petroleum, 495; nuclear electric power, 97; hydroelectric power, 15; other, 0; net interstate flow of electricity and associated losses, 156).

W = Withheld to avoid disclosure of individual company data. Notes: Totals may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Data coverage—Production: all mines. Number of mines: 1980, mines that produced 10,000 short tons or more; other years, all mines. Number of miners and productivity: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons and preparation plants that had 5,000 or more employee hours. Average mine price: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons. Average quality and average delivered cost of utility coal: power plants with a generator nameplate capacity of 50 megawatts or more. Extent of coal-bearing areas and locations of coal-consuming plants shown on map are approximate; small coal deposits are not shown. Coal-producing counties shown on map exclude any county where all 1992 output was from mines producing less than 10,000 short tons. Sources: Energy Information Administration—U.S. Coal Reserves: An Update by Heat and Sulfur Content, February 1993; Coal Production 1992 and prior issues; Coal Data: A Reference; Quarterly Coal Report October-December 1992 and prior issues; Electric Power Annual 1991 and prior issues; Electric Power Monthly, March 1993; Cost and Quality of Fuels for Electric Power Plants 1992; Inventory of Power Plants in the United States 1992; State Energy Data Report 1991: Consumption Estimates; Map of coal-bearing areas is based mainly on U.S. Geological Survey map, Coalfields of the United States, 1960. Data for historical graph 1890-1975, U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey and Bureau of Mines (Minerals Yearbook and annual predecessor Mineral Resources of the United States); 1976 forward, Energy Information Administration, Coal Production 1992 and prior issues.

56

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Destination of Coal Produced in Maryland, 1992 (Million Short Tons)

NY

PA

* *

WV VA 2 .0

MD 1.2

*

*

Quantity is less than 0.1 million short tons.

Domestic Exports Total

3.2 0.2 3.5

Transportation modes, domestic markets (percent): rail, 67; truck, 30; unknown, 3. Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

57

Origin of Coal Received in Maryland, 1992 (Million Short Tons)

PA 2.4
WV VA KY 5.8

0.3

*

MD 1.2

*

Quantity is less than 0.1 million short tons.

Total

9.7

Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”
58 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

State Coal Profile: Missouri
Coal mining is a relatively small industry in Missouri, but coal is the principal mineral fuel produced. In 1992, the value of coal production accounted for an estimated 6 percent of the total value of all mineral commodities produced in the State, including oil and natural gas. Missouri's coal deposits are in the northern and western parts of the State. The coal, all bituminous in rank, occurs in thin beds. The leading source of coal production from the six beds mined in 1992 was the Bevier coalbed, which averages 3 feet in thickness. Although Missouri's coal has high heat value (averaging about 22 million Btu per short ton), its high sulfur content (averaging about 4 percent by weight) has hindered its use. In addition, the thin coalbeds common in the State are often uneconomical to mine. Missouri was the first State west of the Mississippi River to produce coal commercially. The occurrence of coal in Missouri appears to have been known as early as 1806, when it was noted on the banks of the Osage River, south of the present site of Prairie City in Bates County. By 1881, coal mining had become a thriving enterprise in the State, with the railroads the largest coal consumers. Production grew to more than 5 mil-lion short tons during World War I, and then declined slightly before rising during World War II. The postwar market for Missouri coal fell as coalburning locomotives were replaced by diesel-electric engines, and the residential use of coal suffered from competition from oil and natural gas. By the early 1970's, production was trending upward due to the increased use of coal to generate electricity, and in 1984 the coal output reached a record of nearly 7 million short tons. Since then production has fallen, reflecting competition from better quality coal from other States. Missouri's coal production was nearly 3 million short tons in 1992. Most of the early coal mines in Missouri were underground operations. Surface mining began in the mid-1930's and since the late 1960's it has accounted for virtually all the coal produced in the State. The Thomas Hill surface mine of Associated Electric Coop Inc., in Randolph County, was the State's major coal producer in 1992. Randolph County was the source of nearly 90 percent of Missouri's coal output. Nearly all of the coal produced in Missouri in 1992 was for consumers in the State. Of the 25 million short tons of coal consumed, however, only about 11 percent was from mines in the State. Electric utilities were by far the largest coal consumers. About half of the utility coal was from Illinois, about one-third was from Wyoming, and most of the balance was from Missouri. The largest coal-fired generating units, totaling 2,232 megawatts, are at the Labadie Power Plant of Union Electric Company, in Franklin County. Most of the coal consumed by other industries, mainly cement and lime plants, was from other States.

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

55

Missouri
Coal Production, 1890-1992
Coal-bearing area Coal-producing county Coal-fired power plant

Million Short Tons 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 189 0 1 90 0 1 91 0 1 92 0 1 93 0 1 940 1 950 19 60 19 70 19 80 19 90

0

50 Miles

100

Total Area of State: 69,686 square miles Area Underlain by Coal: 24,700 square miles

First Year of Documented Coal Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1840 (9,972 short tons) Peak Year of Coal Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1984 (6,733,000 short tons)

Coal Reserves (Million Short Tons)
Type of Reserve Demonstrated Reserve Base: (January 1, 1992) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Estimated Recoverable Reserves: (January 1, 1992) Sulfur Content (pounds per million Btu) < 0.61 (low sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.61-1.67 (medium sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . > 1.67 (high sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Estimated Recoverable Reserves at Active Mines, Year-End 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Underground Surface Total

1,479

4,522

6,001

0 0 689 689 0

0 0 3,166 3,166 W

0 0 3,855 3,855 W

Production
Salient Data by Mine Type Underground Quantity (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Surface Quantity (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

0 0 0 ---

5 1 NA NA NA

0 0 0 ---

0 0 0 ---

0 0 0 ---

5,503 13 1,093 2.34 20.50

5,566 14 1,108 2.28 27.08

2,647 5 347 2.99 W

2,304 5 312 2.69 W

2,886 5 323 3.10 W

56

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Missouri
Quantity (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,503 13 1,093 2.34 20.50 5,571 15 1,108 2.28 27.08 2,647 5 347 2.99 W 2,304 5 312 2.69 W 2,886 5 323 3.10 W

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

57

Missouri
Number of Mines by Production Range and Percent of Production, 1992
Production Range (thousand short tons) Mine Type 1,000 and over Number Underground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . All Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 1 Percent 0 87 87 500 to 999 Number 0 0 0 Percent 0 0 0 100 to 499 Number 0 3 3 Percent 0 13 13 Number 0 1 1 < 100 Percent 0 <1 <1

Coal Demand
Disposition Consumption (thousand short tons) Electric Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Coke Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residential and Commercial . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Year-End Utility Stocks (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Electricity Generation Total (million kilowatthours) . . . . . . . . . . . Coal (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nuclear (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

23,169 W 1,396 W 24,845

22,779 W 1,565 W 24,733

24,231 W 1,321 W 25,836

24,286 0 1,235 252 25,773

23,815 0 1,178 228 25,221

7,348

6,049

4,434

5,458

6,045

48,930 96 0 4

57,335 80 14 6

59,011 82 14 4

60,121 80 17 3

56,627 83 14 3

Utility Coal Data, 1992
Average Quality and Average Delivered Cost Heat Content (million Btu per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sulfur Content (percent by weight) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ash Content (percent by weight) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pounds of Sulfur per million Btu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dollars per million Btu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dollars per short ton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Produced in State 21.18 4.15 10.22 3.92 1.63 34.43 Receipts, All Sources 20.64 1.80 7.71 1.74 1.34 27.57

58

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Missouri
Estimated Total State Energy Consumption, 1991: 1,513 trillion Btu (coal, 535; natural gas, 259; petroleum, 622; nuclear electric power, 107; hydroelectric power, 11; other, 0; net interstate flow of electricity and associated losses, -21).

W = Withheld to avoid disclosure of individual company data. NA = Not available. Notes: Totals may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Data coverage—Production: all mines. Number of mines: 1980, mines that produced 10,000 short tons or more; other years, all mines. Number of miners and productivity: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons and preparation plants that had 5,000 or more employee hours. Average mine price: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons. Average quality and average delivered cost of utility coal: power plants with a generator nameplate capacity of 50 megawatts or more. Extent of coal-bearing areas and locations of coal-consuming plants shown on map are approximate; small coal deposits are not shown. Coal-producing counties shown on map exclude any county where all 1992 output was from mines producing less than 10,000 short tons. Sources: Energy Information Administration—U.S. Coal Reserves: An Update by Heat and Sulfur Content, February 1993; Coal Production 1992 and prior issues; Coal Data: A Reference; Quarterly Coal Report October-December 1992 and prior issues; Electric Power Annual 1991 and prior issues; Electric Power Monthly, March 1993; Cost and Quality of Fuels for Electric Power Plants 1992; Inventory of Power Plants in the United States 1992; State Energy Data Report 1991: Consumption Estimates; Map of coal-bearing areas is based mainly on U.S. Geological Survey map, Coalfields of the United States, 1960. Data for historical graph 1890-1975, U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey and Bureau of Mines (Minerals Yearbook and annual predecessor Mineral Resources of the United States); 1976 forward, Energy Information Administration, Coal Production 1992 and prior issues.

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

59

Destination of Coal Produced in Missouri, 1992 (Million Short Tons)

KS

*

MO 2.7

*

Quantity is less than 0.1 million short tons.

Domestic Exports Total

2.8 0 2.8

Transportation modes, domestic markets (percent): rail, 3; truck, 10; tramway/conveyor, 86; unknown, < 1. Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”

60

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Origin of Coal Received in Missouri, 1992 (Million Short Tons)

WY 8.0 UT

PA IL IN 11.6

*

CO 0.5

KS 0.2
OK

MO 2.7 AR

*

*

WV KY 0.2 0.8

* *

*

Quantity is less than 0.1 million short tons.

Total

24.2

Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”
Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 61

State Coal Profile: Montana
Coal was estimated to be the leading mineral commodity produced in Montana in 1992. It accounted for more than one-fourth of the estimated total value of all minerals produced, ranking slightly higher than crude oil. Royalties from Federal coal leases generated $34 million, which was disbursed equally to the State and the Federal Government. Royalties from a coal lease granted by the Crow Tribe were over $1 million. Coal deposits are widely distributed across Montana, together comprising the Nation's largest coal reserve base. The ranks of coal include lignite, subbituminous, and bituminous. Production, however, is nearly all low-sulfur subbituminous coal, with a small amount of lignite. The major source of subbituminous coal, accounting for about half of the State's production, is the Rosebud coalbed. This coalbed, which ranges up to 30 feet in thickness, is in the Powder River Basin, located in the southeastern part of the State. Coal was reportedly first used in Montana in 1807, by a Spanish fur trader who used to heat his outpost. Montana's coal industry began on a small scale in 1880, and by 1900 it was well established. The bulk of production was for railroad fuel. Lesser amounts were for heating and to produce coke for smelting. Production rose to nearly 5 million short tons in 1918. It then declined to an average of about 3 million short tons annually, rising slightly during World War II. The relative stability of Montana's coal output during those three decades reflects the small level of industrial development in the State, the development of its hydroelectric and petroleum resources, and competition with coal from other States and with other fuels. In the 1950's and 1960's, Montana's coal production fell sharply due to the replacement of coal-fired locomotives by diesel-electric locomotives and an abundant supply of natural gas. The 1970's brought about a significant increase in production due largely to the construction of the large Colstrip coal-fired power plant in Rosebud County. Over the next decade, coal production continued to rise as the plant added generating units. Additional demand for Montana's low-sulfur coal by utilities in other States was spurred by the enact-ment of Federal regulations on emissions. In 1992, Montana's coal output reached a record of 39 million short tons. Early coal production in Montana was mostly from underground mines. Large-scale surface mining began in the 1920's at Colstrip, Rosebud County, where the Rosebud seam was covered by 20 to 50 feet of overburden. By 1930, the Colstrip mine accounted for more than onethird of the State's coal output. For about the past two decades, virtually all of Montana's coal has been produced by surface mining. The largest mine in 1992 was the Rosebud mine of Western Energy Company, in Rosebud County. Its output of more than 14 million short tons ranked it as the fifth-largest U.S. coal mine. The State's only lignite producer is the Savage Strip Mine of Knife River Coal Company, in Richland County. Nearly all of Montana's coal production is from Big Horn and Rosebud counties. In 1992, more than 60 percent of the State's production was from Federal coal leases, about 6 percent was from Crow Indian leases, with the balance from State and private lands. More than two-thirds of Montana's 1992 coal output was shipped out of State, including a small amount for overseas customers. The major destinations were electric utilities in Michigan and Minnesota. The 11 million short tons of coal consumed in Montana in 1992 was nearly all for generating electricity, and all of the utility coal used was produced in the State. Montana's largest coal-fired generating units, totaling 2,060 megawatts, are at the Colstrip plant of Montana Power Company, in Rosebud County. A small amount of coal was also used in the State for processing sugar cane and manufacturing cement.

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

59

Montana
Coal Production, 1890-1992

Million Short Tons 50

40

30

20

10

0 18 90 19 00 19 10 19 20 19 30 19 40 19 50 19 60 19 70 19 80 19 90
Coal-bearing area Coal-producing county Coal-fired power plant 0 50 Miles 100

Total Area of State: 147,138 square miles Area Underlain by Coal: 51,300 square miles

First Year of Documented Coal Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1880 (224 short tons) Peak Year of Coal Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1992 (38,889,000 short tons)

Coal Reserves (Million Short Tons)
Type of Reserve Demonstrated Reserve Base: (January 1, 1992) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Estimated Recoverable Reserves: (January 1, 1992) Sulfur Content (pounds per million Btu) < 0.61 (low sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.61-1.67 (medium sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . > 1.67 (high sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Estimated Recoverable Reserves at Active Mines, Year-End 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Underground Surface Total

70,959

48,960

119,919

25,397 9,648 878 35,923 0

25,099 11,970 2,517 39,585 1,352

50,496 21,618 3,395 75,508 1,352

Production
Salient Data by Mine Type Underground Quantity (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Surface Quantity (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Quantity (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

0 0 0 --29,872 9 1,131 11.98 10.50 29,872 9

0 0 0 --33,290 9 1,173 14.73 13.18 33,290 9

0 0 0 --37,616 9 821 18.78 9.42 37,616 9

3 1 NA NA NA 38,235 8 794 18.99 10.76 38,237 9

10 1 NA NA NA 38,879 7 715 20.16 10.20 38,889 8

60

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Montana
Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,131 11.98 10.50 1,173 14.73 13.18 821 18.78 9.42 794 18.99 10.76 715 20.16 10.20

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

61

Montana
Number of Mines by Production Range and Percent of Production, 1992
Production Range (thousand short tons) Mine Type 1,000 and over Number Underground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . All Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 6 6 Percent 0 99 99 500 to 999 Number 0 0 0 Percent 0 0 0 100 to 499 Number 0 1 1 Percent 0 1 1 Number 1 0 1 < 100 Percent 100 0 <1

Coal Demand
Disposition Consumption (thousand short tons) Electric Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Coke Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residential and Commercial . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Year-End Utility Stocks (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Electricity Generation Total (million kilowatthours) . . . . . . . . . . . Coal (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nuclear (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

3,351 0 154 14 3,519

5,480 0 W W 5,713

9,399 0 W W 9,676

10,223 0 W W 10,549

10,768 0 W W 11,040

416

634

767

741

735

15,496 33 0 67

18,773 45 0 55

25,719 58 0 42

28,157 57 0 43

25,468 67 0 33

Utility Coal Data, 1992
Average Quality and Average Delivered Cost Heat Content (million Btu per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sulfur Content (percent by weight) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ash Content (percent by weight) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pounds of Sulfur per million Btu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dollars per million Btu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dollars per short ton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Produced in State 18.10 .52 6.62 .57 1.33 24.12 Receipts, All Sources 17.15 .66 8.92 .77 .71 12.14

62

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Montana
Estimated Total State Energy Consumption, 1991: 342 trillion Btu (coal, 180; natural gas, 47; petroleum, 145; nuclear electric power, 0; hydroelectric power, 124; other, 1; net interstate flow of electricity and associated losses, -154).

W = Withheld to avoid disclosure of individual company data. NA = Not available. Notes: Totals may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Data coverage—Production: all mines. Number of mines: 1980, mines that produced 10,000 short tons or more; other years, all mines. Number of miners and productivity: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons and preparation plants that had 5,000 or more employee hours. Average mine price: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons. Average quality and average delivered cost of utility coal: power plants with a generator nameplate capacity of 50 megawatts or more. Extent of coal-bearing areas and locations of coalconsuming plants shown on map are approximate; small coal deposits are not shown. Coal-producing counties shown on map exclude any county where all 1992 output was from mines producing less than 10,000 short tons. Sources: Energy Information Administration—U.S. Coal Reserves: An Update by Heat and Sulfur Content, February 1993; Coal Production 1992 and prior issues; Coal Data: A Reference; Quarterly Coal Report October-December 1992 and prior issues; Electric Power Annual 1991 and prior issues; Electric Power Monthly, March 1993; Cost and Quality of Fuels for Electric Power Plants 1992; Inventory of Power Plants in the United States 1992; State Energy Data Report 1991: Consumption Estimates; Map of coal-bearing areas is based mainly on U.S. Geological Survey map, Coalfields of the United States, 1960. Data for historical graph 1890-1975, U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey and Bureau of Mines (Minerals Yearbook and annual predecessor Mineral Resources of the United States); 1976 forward, Energy Information Administration, Coal Production 1992 and prior issues.

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

63

Destination of Coal Produced in Montana, 1992 (Million Short Tons)
WA 0.7 OR 1.8

MT 11.2 WY

ND 0.4

MN 8.6

WI 1.9

*
CO 0.1

MI 10.4

NE 0.1

IL IN 3.0 0.5

TN MS

*

*

*

Quantity is less than 0.1 million short tons.

Domestic 38.8 Exports * Total 38.9

Transportation modes, domestic markets (percent): rail, 57; water, 16; truck, < 1; tramway/conveyor, 26; unknown, < 1. Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”

64

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Origin of Coal Received in Montana, 1992 (Million Short Tons)

MT 11.2 WY

UT

*

*

*

Quantity is less than 0.1 million short tons.

Total

11.2

Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”
Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 65

State Coal Profile: New Mexico
Coal is one of four mineral fuels produced in New Mexico. In 1992, New Mexico's coal output was estimated to account for around 10 percent of the total value of all mineral commodities produced in the State. Crude oil and natural gas were by far the leading mineral commodities; the value of uranium production was small. Royalties from Indian and Federal coal leases totaled about $32 million and $14 million, respectively. Federal royalties were disbursed equally to the State and the Federal Government. The principal coal-bearing areas in New Mexico are the San Juan and Raton basins, both in the northern part of the State. The San Juan Basin, the larger of the two, is the major source of coal production. San Juan Basin coal, which has a low sulfur content, ranges in rank from subbituminous in the South to bituminous in the North. About 18 coalbeds were mined in 1992, but most production was largely from the Fruitland Formation, which contains several coalbeds. The beds mined are generally 4 to 13 feet thick. The Raton Basin contains lowsulfur bituminous coal, including some that can be used to produce metallurgical coke. Coking coal was mined in the Raton Basin until 1986 and shipped primarily to a coke plant in California. The minable beds in the Raton Basin average over 5 feet in thickness. Small amounts of the coal in New Mexico reportedly were used several centuries ago by Spanish explorers, and in the 1860's by the U.S. Army at Fort Craig, near presentday Socorro. The first commercial coal pro-duction was to supply fuel for railroads, metallic ore smelters, domestic and commercial heating, and small power plants. Until the 1920's, some coal was converted into coke in beehive ovens, principally for use in smelting copper. Around the same time, some coal from the Raton field was used to manufacture coal gas. New Mexico's coal output rose to about 4 million short tons in 1918 and then slackened as many mines closed, due chiefly to competition from natural gas and crude oil produced in New Mexico and in neighboring States. Over the next 40 years, production trended downward, eventually falling below 1 million short tons in the 1950's and early 1960's. In the late 1960's the State's coal industry was re-established with the opening of large mines to supply fuel for new coal-burning power plants built in New Mexico and Arizona to meet the growing demand for electricity in the Southwest. Rising almost steadily, New Mexico's coal production reached an all-time high of 25 million short tons in 1992. Underground mines were the chief source of coal production in New Mexico until the mid-1960's, when large surface mines were opened. Virtually all production in recent years has been from surface mines. The State's largest coal mine in 1992, with an output of about 9 million short tons, was the Navajo surface mine of BHP Minerals International Incorporated, in San Juan County. The mine produces from leases on Navajo land. Of the total coal produced in New Mexico in 1992, a little more than half was from Indian coal leases and about 15 percent was from Federal coal leases, with the balance from State and private lands. San Juan and McKinley counties were the source of nearly all of New Mexico's coal output. Coal is produced in New Mexico mainly for electric utilities. In 1992, about 60 percent was for power plants in the State, and most of the balance was shipped to Arizona. Virtually all of the 15 million short tons of coal consumed in New Mexico was for generating electricity. The State's largest coal-fired power plant is the 2,040-megawatt Four Corners plant, operated by Arizona Public Service in San Juan County. The plant receives coal from the Navajo surface mine, about 12 miles away. A small amount of coal was also used at a cement plant in the State.

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

63

New Mexico
Coal Production, 1890-1992

Million Short Tons 30

Coal-bearing area
25

Coal-producing county Coal-fired power plant
20

15

0

50 Miles

100

10

5

0 18 90 19 00 19 10 19 20 19 30 19 40 19 50 19 60 19 70 19 80 19 90

Total Area of State: 121,666 square miles Area Underlain by Coal: 14,650 square miles

First Year of Documented Coal Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1882 (157,000 short tons) Peak Year of Coal Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1992 (24,549,000 short tons)

Coal Reserves (Million Short Tons)
Type of Reserve Demonstrated Reserve Base: (January 1, 1992) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Estimated Recoverable Reserves: (January 1, 1992) Sulfur Content (pounds per million Btu) < 0.61 (low sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.61-1.67 (medium sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . > 1.67 (high sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Estimated Recoverable Reserves at Active Mines, Year-End 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Underground Surface Total

2,122

2,308

4,430

565 445 64 1,074 W

236 1,185 0 1,421 W

802 1,630 64 2,496 1,495

Production
Salient Data by Mine Type Underground Quantity (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Surface Quantity (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

950 1 390 1.34 W

803 2 249 1.64 W

76 1 10 4.27 W

25 1 63 .71 W

93 1 141 .40 W

17,475 9 1,213 6.20 W

21,399 10 1,680 5.95 W

24,217 6 1,462 7.66 W

21,492 6 1,587 6.31 W

24,456 6 1,542 7.11 W

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Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

New Mexico
Quantity (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,425 10 1,603 5.30 14.01 22,203 12 1,929 5.43 23.41 24,292 7 1,472 7.64 22.43 21,518 7 1,650 6.25 23.25 24,549 7 1,683 6.68 23.14

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

65

New Mexico
Number of Mines by Production Range and Percent of Production, 1992
Production Range (thousand short tons) Mine Type 1,000 and over Number Underground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . All Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 5 5 Percent 0 97 97 500 to 999 Number 0 1 1 Percent 0 3 3 100 to 499 Number 0 0 0 Percent 0 0 0 Number 1 0 1 < 100 Percent 100 0 <1

Coal Demand
Disposition Consumption (thousand short tons) Electric Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Coke Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residential and Commercial . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Year-End Utility Stocks (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Electricity Generation Total (million kilowatthours) . . . . . . . . . . . Coal (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nuclear (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

11,406 0 W W 11,458

14,498 0 W W 14,589

15,065 0 W W 15,111

12,809 0 W W 12,858

14,775 0 W W 14,832

1,429

1,434

1,538

1,399

1,570

24,677 78 0 22

27,108 89 0 11

28,491 91 0 9

25,065 88 0 12

27,708 92 0 8

Utility Coal Data, 1992
Average Quality and Average Delivered Cost Heat Content (million Btu per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sulfur Content (percent by weight) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ash Content (percent by weight) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pounds of Sulfur per million Btu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dollars per million Btu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dollars per short ton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Produced in State 18.65 .69 19.49 .74 1.46 27.29 Receipts, All Sources 18.03 .81 22.49 .90 1.32 23.83

66

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

New Mexico
Estimated Total State Energy Consumption, 1991: 588 trillion Btu (coal, 234; natural gas, 227; petroleum, 236; nuclear electric power, 0; hydroelectric power, 3; other, 0; net interstate flow of electricity and associated losses, -112).

W = Withheld to avoid disclosure of individual company data. Notes: Totals may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Data coverage—Production: all mines. Number of mines: 1980, mines that produced 10,000 short tons or more; other years, all mines. Number of miners and productivity: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons and preparation plants that had 5,000 or more employee hours. Average mine price: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons. Average quality and average delivered cost of utility coal: power plants with a generator nameplate capacity of 50 megawatts or more. Extent of coal-bearing areas and locations of coal-consuming plants shown on map are approximate; small coal deposits are not shown. Coal-producing counties shown on map exclude any county where all 1992 output was from mines producing less than 10,000 short tons. Sources: Energy Information Administration—U.S. Coal Reserves: An Update by Heat and Sulfur Content, February 1993; Coal Production 1992 and prior issues; Coal Data: A Reference; Quarterly Coal Report October-December 1992 and prior issues; Electric Power Annual 1991 and prior issues; Electric Power Monthly, March 1993; Cost and Quality of Fuels for Electric Power Plants 1992; Inventory of Power Plants in the United States 1992; State Energy Data Report 1991: Consumption Estimates; Map of coal-bearing areas is based mainly on U.S. Geological Survey map, Coalfields of the United States, 1960. Data for historical graph 1890-1975, U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey and Bureau of Mines (Minerals Yearbook and annual predecessor Mineral Resources of the United States); 1976 forward, Energy Information Administration, Coal Production 1992 and prior issues.

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

67

Destination of Coal Produced in New Mexico, 1992 (Million Short Tons)

WI 0.6

CA

*
AZ 9.2 NM 14.8 TX 0.2

*

Quantity is less than 0.1 million short tons.

Domestic 24.8 Exports * Total 24.8

Transportation modes, domestic markets (percent): rail, 44; truck, < 1; tramway/conveyor, 56; unknown, < 1. Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”

68

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Origin of Coal Received in New Mexico, 1992 (Million Short Tons)

PA CO

*

*

NM 14.8

*

Quantity is less than 0.1 million short tons.

Total

14.9

Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”
Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 69

State Coal Profile: North Dakota
Lignite is the only rank of coal present in North Dakota. The value of lignite produced in 1992 represented more than 20 percent of the total value of all mineral commodities produced in the State and ranked second to crude oil. Lignite output from Federal leases generated about $3 million in royalties, disbursed to the State and the Federal Government. Lignite deposits underlie most of the western half of North Dakota. They occur in the Williston Basin, a large depression that also extends into the adjacent States and Canada. About four lignite beds were mined in 1992, the most important of which was the Beulah-Zapp. This bed, which averages 14 feet in thickness, was the source for most of the State's coal output. The first recorded use of lignite in what is now North Dakota was in 1804, when the Lewis and Clark expedition burned it in a blacksmith forge. The presence of lignite, which could be used as a fuel in the generally treeless plains of North Dakota, was one of the promotional points made by land developers, territorial officials, and railroad companies to attract settlers to the area. Commercial production began in Morton County in the early 1870's. Production was stimulated in 1896 when State institutions were required by law to obtain as much of their fuel supply as possible from North Dakota mines. Annual lignite production exceeded 1 million short tons in 1922, rose above 2 million short tons in the late 1930's, and generally remained at that level into the early 1960's. That long period of stagnation was due largely to competition from oil and gas (some produced in the State) and to the development of hydroelectric power from the Missouri River. Production turned upward in the late 1960's chiefly to supply fuel for new electric generation plants built in the State. North Dakota was the leading lignite-producing State from about 1920 through 1974, when Texas gained first place. North Dakota's lignite production reached a record 32 million short tons in 1992. About 20 percent of the production was from Federal leases. Most of the early lignite production was from underground mines. Exposed beds were usually first surface-mined with horse-drawn scrapers and hand implements, and then the bed was followed underground. Surface mining with a steam shovel began in 1919. As technology advanced, North Dakota became one of the first States to use surface mining on a large scale. Surface mines accounted for more than half of the State's coal output by the mid 1930's and for all production since 1966. The largest coal mine in 1992, with an output of nearly 14 million short tons, was the Freedom-Coteau mine, operated by Coteau Properties Company. The mine is in Mercer County, the source of nearly half of the State's coal output. Nearly all of the lignite produced in North Dakota is consumed in the State. Electric power plants were the principal consumers of the 30 million short tons used in 1992. The largest coal-fired generating facility is the 931megawatt Coal Creek plant of Cooperative Power Association, McLean County. Consumption in the industrial sector is dominated by the Great Plains Synfuels Plant, the largest of the Nation's three coal gasification plants. This plant, located near Beulah and operated by Dakota Gasification Company, manufactures a high-Btu synthetic natural gas. It converts an average of 16,000 short tons of lignite per day into 142 million cubic feet of pipeline-quality gas and byproducts such as anhydrous ammonia, sulfur, and liquid nitrogen. A small amount of coal from other States, chiefly subbituminous coal from Montana, is also used in refining sugar. Small quantities of lignite have been made into cooking briquettes. Oxidized lignite, or Leonardite, has been used as a thinner for oil well drilling mud, as an industrial water softener, and as a soil conditioner.

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

67

North Dakota
Coal Production, 1890-1992

Million Short Tons 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 18 90 19 00 19 10 19 20 19 30 19 40 19 50 19 60 19 70 198 0 19 90

Coal-bearing area Coal-producing county Coal-fired power plant Coal gasification plant 0 50 100

Miles

Total Area of State: 70,665 square miles Area Underlain by Coal: 32,000 square miles

First Year of Documented Coal Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1884 (35,000 short tons) Peak Year of Coal Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1992 (31,744,000 short tons)

Coal Reserves (Million Short Tons)
Type of Reserve Demonstrated Reserve Base: (January 1, 1992) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Estimated Recoverable Reserves: (January 1, 1992) Sulfur Content (pounds per million Btu) < 0.61 (low sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.61-1.67 (medium sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . > 1.67 (high sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Estimated Recoverable Reserves at Active Mines, Year-End 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Underground Surface Total

0

9,590

9,590

0 0 0 0 0

1,201 4,874 1,242 7,316 1,335

1,201 4,874 1,242 7,316 1,335

Production
Salient Data by Mine Type Underground Quantity (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Surface Quantity (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

0 0 0 ---

0 0 0 ---

0 0 0 ---

0 0 0 ---

0 0 0 ---

16,975 13 1,711 8.97 7.48

26,873 14 1,132 11.40 9.30

29,213 11 931 16.12 7.67

29,530 8 814 17.64 7.84

31,744 8 744 18.12 7.48

68

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

North Dakota
Total Quantity (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,975 13 1,711 8.97 7.48 26,873 14 1,132 11.40 9.30 29,213 11 931 16.12 7.67 29,530 8 814 17.64 7.84 31,744 8 744 18.12 7.48

Number of Mines by Production Range and Percent of Production, 1992
Production Range (thousand short tons) Mine Type 1,000 and over Number Underground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . All Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 7 7 Percent 0 99 99 500 to 999 Number 0 0 0 Percent 0 0 0 100 to 499 Number 0 1 1 Percent 0 1 1 Number 0 0 0 < 100 Percent 0 0 0

Coal Demand
Disposition Consumption (thousand short tons) Electric Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Coke Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residential and Commercial . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Year-End Utility Stocks (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Electricity Generation Total (million kilowatthours) . . . . . . . . . . . Coal (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nuclear (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

11,619 0 W W 12,347

17,354 0 W W 22,958

21,579 0 W W 28,114

22,174 0 W W 28,597

23,192 0 W W 30,319

5,149

3,137

2,828

1,999

2,194

15,829 84 0 16

22,071 90 0 10

26,824 94 0 6

27,535 94 0 6

28,592 94 0 6

Utility Coal Data, 1992
Average Quality and Average Delivered Cost Heat Content (million Btu per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sulfur Content (percent by weight) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ash Content (percent by weight) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pounds of Sulfur per million Btu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dollars per million Btu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dollars per short ton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Produced in State 13.03 .87 9.30 1.34 .75 9.81 Receipts, All Sources 13.12 .87 9.29 1.33 .72 9.45

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

69

North Dakota
Estimated Total State Energy Consumption, 1991: 320 trillion Btu (coal, 379; natural gas, 42; petroleum, 114; nuclear electric power, 0; hydroelectric power, 23; other, 0; net interstate flow of electricity and associated losses, -238).

W = Withheld to avoid disclosure of individual company data. Notes: Totals may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Data coverage—Production: all mines. Number of mines: 1980, mines that produced 10,000 short tons or more; other years, all mines. Number of miners and productivity: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons and preparation plants that had 5,000 or more employee hours. Average mine price: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons. Average quality and average delivered cost of utility coal: power plants with a generator nameplate capacity of 50 megawatts or more. Extent of coal-bearing areas and locations of coalconsuming plants shown on map are approximate; small coal deposits are not shown. Coal-producing counties shown on map exclude any county where all 1992 output was from mines producing less than 10,000 short tons. Sources: Energy Information Administration—U.S. Coal Reserves: An Update by Heat and Sulfur Content, February 1993; Coal Production 1992 and prior issues; Coal Data: A Reference; Quarterly Coal Report October-December 1992 and prior issues; Electric Power Annual 1991 and prior issues; Electric Power Monthly, March 1993; Cost and Quality of Fuels for Electric Power Plants 1992; Inventory of Power Plants in the United States 1992; State Energy Data Report 1991: Consumption Estimates; Map of coal-bearing areas is based mainly on U.S. Geological Survey map, Coalfields of the United States, 1960. Data for historical graph 1890-1975, U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey and Bureau of Mines (Minerals Yearbook and annual predecessor Mineral Resources of the United States); 1976 forward, Energy Information Administration, Coal Production 1992 and prior issues.

70

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Destination of Coal Produced in North Dakota, 1992 (Million Short Tons)

ND 29.6 SD 2.1

Domestic 31.7 Exports 0 Total 31.7

Transportation modes, domestic markets (percent): rail, 9; truck, 14; tramway/conveyor, 77; unknown, < 1. Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

71

Origin of Coal Received in North Dakota, 1992 (Million Short Tons)

MT 0.4 WY

ND 29.6

*

PA

*

*

VA

*

Quantity is less than 0.1 million short tons.

Total

30.0

Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”
72
Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

State Coal Profile: Ohio
Coal is the most valuable mineral commodity in Ohio. Coal production in 1992 was estimated to account for about 40 percent of the total value of all mineral commodities produced in the State, including crude oil and natural gas. The coal reserves of Ohio are part of the Appalachian coal basin and consist entirely of bituminous coal. The deposits underlie the eastern part of the State. As mined, the coal has a heat value ranging from 22 to 25 million Btu per short ton, but its use has been hampered by a high sulfur content, averaging more than 3 percent by weight. About 20 coalbeds were mined in 1992, but more than half of the output was from the Pittsburgh, Sewickley/Meigs, and Clarion coalbeds. Coal production in Ohio began in the 1800's. Its early use expanded from domestic heating to blacksmithing, brickmaking, and evaporating brine in the salt industry. In 1827, flatboats carried the first shipments of coal to Cleveland via the Ohio-Erie Canal for use in steamboats. As early as 1835, coal was shipped down the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers for use in sugar refineries in New Orleans. By 1875, when more markets were opened due to the canal systems and railroad expansions across the State, Ohio's coal output rose to more than 5 million short tons. The presence of coal suitable for use in blast furnaces plus the occurrence of iron ore and limestone spurred the development of the coal industry and the iron and steel industry in the State. By the end of World War I in 1918, coal production reached 46 million short tons. Subsequent production declined, due partly to the Depression and partly to the greater use of oil and natural gas. World War II gave an impetus to the State's coal industry, and production gradually rose to an all-time high of 55 million short tons in 1970. Since then, the demand for Ohio's coal, which is handicapped by a high sulfur content, has been adversely affected by the enactment of clean air legislation and production has trended downward. Production was 30 million short tons in 1992. Underground mining was the chief source of Ohio's coal production until World War II. Surface mining, which began in Ohio in 1915, now accounts for more than half of the State's coal production. However, the largest coal mine in Ohio in 1992, producing more than 3 million short tons, was the Powhatan No. 6 underground mine of the Ohio Valley Coal Company, in Belmont County. The State's leading coal-producing counties were Belmont and Meigs. About 90 percent of the coal shipped from Ohio's mines in 1992 was delivered to consumers in the State, mainly electric utilities. A small amount was exported. Ohio coal represented nearly half of the total coal shipments to consumers in the State, with most of the balance from West Virginia and Kentucky. In 1992, Ohio was the thirdlargest coal-consuming State, following Texas and Indiana. Electric utilities were by far the largest market for the 59 million short tons of coal consumed in Ohio. About half of the utility coal used was produced in the State; the balance was mostly from West Virginia and Kentucky. In 1992, Ohio's power plants led the Nation in the amount of electricity generated from coal. Ohio's largest coal-fired electric utility is the 2,600-megawatt General James M. Gavin plant of Ohio Power Company, in Gallia County. More than half of the coal for Ohio's coke plants was from West Virginia, and the rest was from Kentucky and Virginia. Foremost among the many other industrial coal consumers in Ohio were paper mills and manufacturers of electrometallurgical products and industrial organic chemicals. More than 40 percent of this coal was from Ohio, with the balance mostly from Kentucky. The Cleveland Customs District was the third-largest coalexporting district in 1992, handling 10 million short tons, or 10 percent of the Nation's coal exports. Coal terminals are at Ashtabula, Conneaut, Sandusky, and Toledo. Most of the coal shipments from these terminals are to Canada.

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

71

Ohio
Coal Production, 1890-1992

Million Short Tons 60

Coal-bearing area Coal-producing county Coal-fired power plant Coke plant
1

50

40

30

20

0

50 Miles

100
10

0 18 90 19 00 19 10 19 20 19 30 19 40 19 50 19 60 19 70 19 80 19 90

Total Area of State: 41,222 square miles Area Underlain by Coal: 10,000 square miles

First Year of Documented Coal Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1838 (119,952 short tons) Peak Year of Coal Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1970 (55,351,000 short tons)

Coal Reserves (Million Short Tons)
Type of Reserve Demonstrated Reserve Base: (January 1, 1992) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Estimated Recoverable Reserves: (January 1, 1992) Sulfur Content (pounds per million Btu) < 0.61 (low sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.61-1.67 (medium sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . > 1.67 (high sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Estimated Recoverable Reserves at Active Mines, Year-End 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Underground Surface Total

17,919

5,973

23,892

135 804 6,944 7,883 316

118 590 3,203 3,910 260

253 1,394 10,147 11,794 576

Production
Salient Data by Mine Type Underground Quantity (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Surface Quantity (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

12,994 19 7,843 .93 38.42

13,646 14 4,166 1.66 41.75

12,920 13 2,603 2.34 33.93

12,237 12 2,359 2.55 31.52

12.031 10 1,926 3.01 30.11

26,400 180 6,795 2.03 22.60

21,956 190 4,788 2.34 29.11

22,332 159 3,263 3.17 25.57

18,333 147 2,934 2.76 25.22

18,371 139 2,589 3.06 24.84

72

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Ohio
Quantity (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39,394 199 14,638 1.46 27.82 35,602 204 8,954 2.02 33.97 35,252 172 5,866 2.80 28.65 30,569 159 5,293 2.67 27.75 30,403 149 4,515 3.04 26.93

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

73

Ohio
Number of Mines by Production Range and Percent of Production, 1992
Production Range (thousand short tons) Mine Type 1,000 and over Number Underground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . All Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2 6 Percent 84 19 44 500 to 999 Number 1 7 8 Percent 7 29 20 100 to 499 Number 4 32 36 Percent 8 36 25 Number 1 98 99 < 100 Percent 1 16 11

Coal Demand
Disposition Consumption (thousand short tons) Electric Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Coke Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residential and Commercial . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Year-End Utility Stocks (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Electricity Generation Total (million kilowatthours) . . . . . . . . . . . Coal (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nuclear (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

48,537 10,268 5,553 556 64,914

46,700 5,242 5,178 859 57,979

48,848 4,949 4,753 654 59,205

49,577 3,698 4,813 489 58,578

50,358 3,755 3,998 588 58,699

13,709

8,976

9,956

10,213

10,395

110,247 97 2 1

110,763 98 2 >1

126,510 91 8 1

132,694 88 11 1

136,296 88 11 1

Utility Coal Data, 1992
Average Quality and Average Delivered Cost Heat Content (million Btu per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sulfur Content (percent by weight) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ash Content (percent by weight) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pounds of Sulfur per million Btu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dollars per million Btu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dollars per short ton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Produced in State 23.70 3.42 10.98 2.89 1.41 33.32 Receipts, All Sources 23.97 2.57 11.24 2.14 1.44 34.40

74

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Ohio
Estimated Total State Energy Consumption, 1991: 3,687 trillion Btu (coal, 1,413; natural gas, 799; petroleum, 1,090; nuclear electric power, 159; hydroelectric power, 2; other, 3; net interstate flow of electricity and associated losses, 221).

Notes: Totals may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Data coverage—Production: all mines. Number of mines: 1980, mines that produced 10,000 short tons or more; other years, all mines. Number of miners and productivity: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons and preparation plants that had 5,000 or more employee hours. Average mine price: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons. Average quality and average delivered cost of utility coal: power plants with a generator nameplate capacity of 50 megawatts or more. Extent of coal-bearing areas and locations of coalconsuming plants shown on map are approximate; small coal deposits are not shown. Coal-producing counties shown on map exclude any county where all 1992 output was from mines producing less than 10,000 short tons. Sources: Energy Information Administration—U.S. Coal Reserves: An Update by Heat and Sulfur Content, February 1993; Coal Production 1992 and prior issues; Coal Data: A Reference; Quarterly Coal Report October-December 1992 and prior issues; Electric Power Annual 1991 and prior issues; Electric Power Monthly, March 1993; Cost and Quality of Fuels for Electric Power Plants 1992; Inventory of Power Plants in the United States 1992; State Energy Data Report 1991: Consumption Estimates; Map of coal-bearing areas is based mainly on U.S. Geological Survey map, Coalfields of the United States, 1960. Data for historical graph 1890-1975, U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey and Bureau of Mines (Minerals Yearbook and annual predecessor Mineral Resources of the United States); 1976 forward, Energy Information Administration, Coal Production 1992 and prior issues.

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

75

Destination of Coal Produced in Ohio, 1992 (Million Short Tons)

NY MI 0.4 IL
PA 0.5
1.4

MA CT

*

*

*
LA

IN 26.9 WV 0.1

OH

*

*
Domestic 29.6 Exports * Total 29.6

*

Quantity is less than 0.1 million short tons.

Transportation modes, domestic markets (percent): rail, 7; water, 25; truck, 40; tramway/conveyor, 27; unknown, < 1. Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”

76

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Origin of Coal Received in Ohio, 1992 (Million Short Tons)

WY 0.1

PA 3.6 OH IN 2 6.9 WV VA 0.1 KY 17.8 0.9 9 .2

Total

58.7

Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”
Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 77

State Coal Profile: Oklahoma
In 1992 the coal industry in Oklahoma was small. The value of the 2 million short tons produced represented about 1 percent of the estimated value of all mineral commodities produced, including crude oil and natural gas. Coal production from Federal leases generated less than $0.5 million in royalties, which were shared by the State and the Federal Government. Oklahoma's economic coal deposits, all bituminous in rank, are in the eastern part of the State. Of the nine coalbeds mined in 1992, the Secor was the leading source of production in 1992. The thickness of the beds mined range from 1 to 3 feet. The heat content of the coal produced averages about 25 million Btu per short ton, and the sulfur content is high, averaging about 3 percent by weight. The coal in some beds has been used to produce coke for the iron and steel industry, but none is currently mined for this purpose. Coal, reportedly, was first used in Oklahoma in the early 1800's by local Indians, who dug it by hand and sold it by the basket. Commercial production began in 1872 with the construction of the Missouri-Kansas-Texas Railroad. From the beginning of the 1900's through World War I, coal was a major fuel in the State. Coal production reached about 5 million short tons in 1920, but then fell, due to the Depression and competition with oil from fields discovered in the State. After rising to meet the demand for coal during World War II, Oklahoma's annual coal output fell below 1 million short tons around the mid1960's. The demand for the State's coal rose as the result of the Arab oil embargo in 1973, and production reached an all-time record of 6 million short tons in 1978. Since then, however, output has fallen, reflecting a lower demand for the high-sulfur coal produced in the State. Oklahoma's coal production was less than 2 million short tons in 1992. Early production of coal in Oklahoma was almost entirely from underground mines. With the development of large equipment, surface mining became increasingly important and accounted for about half of the annual production in the 1940's and for more than 90 percent in later years. Le Flore, Haskell, and Latimer counties were the leading sources of production in 1992. Latimer County's Red Oak surface mine, operated by Farrell-Cooper Mining Company, was the leading producer. Nearly one-third of Oklahoma's coal output in 1992 was from Federal leases. The bulk of the coal produced in Oklahoma is consumed in the State, mostly to produce electricity. Electric utilities in Oklahoma are required by State law to blend at least 10 percent Oklahoma coal with coal used from other sources, based on heat value. Electric utilities are by far the largest coal consumers in the State, accounting for more than 90 percent of the 17 million short tons used in 1992. Most of the utility coal used was low-sulfur subbituminous coal from Wyoming. Oklahoma's largest coal-fired generating units, totaling 1,515 megawatts,are at the Muskogee plant of Oklahoma Gas and Electric Company, in Muskogee County. Small amounts of coal were also consumed in other industries, such as paper mills and cement plants.

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

75

Oklahoma
Coal Production, 1890-1992

Million Short Tons 7

0

50

100

6 5

Miles
4

Coal-bearing area Coal-producing county Coal-fired power plant

3 2 1 0 1 890 1 900 19 10 19 20 19 30 19 40 19 50 196 0 197 0 1 98 0 1 99 0

Total Area of State: 69,919 square miles Area Underlain by Coal: 14,550 square miles

First Year of Documented Coal Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1880 (120,947 short tons) Peak Year of Coal Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1978 (6,070,000 short tons)

Coal Reserves (Million Short Tons)
Type of Reserve Demonstrated Reserve Base: (January 1, 1992) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Estimated Recoverable Reserves: (January 1, 1992) Sulfur Content (pounds per million Btu) < 0.61 (low sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.61-1.67 (medium sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . > 1.67 (high sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Estimated Recoverable Reserves at Active Mines, Year-End 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Underground Surface Total

1,238

349

1,587

154 243 180 577 W

67 60 117 244 W

222 302 297 821 48

Production
Salient Data by Mine Type Underground Quantity (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Surface Quantity (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

0 0 0 ---

5 1 NA NA NA

105 1 36 1.30 W

26 1 31 .52 W

59 1 24 1.04 W

5,358 37 1,340 1.68 27.78

3,332 27 1,024 1.74 31.72

1,593 22 379 2.17 W

1,815 21 379 2.42 W

1,683 19 310 2.26 W

76

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Oklahoma
Quantity (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,358 37 1,340 1.68 27.78 3,337 28 1,024 1.74 31.72 1,698 23 415 2.08 30.39 1,841 22 410 2.30 28.52 1,741 20 334 2.17 25.76

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

77

Oklahoma
Number of Mines by Production Range and Percent of Production, 1992
Production Range (thousand short tons) Mine Type 1,000 and over Number Underground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . All Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 Percent 0 0 0 500 to 999 Number 0 0 0 Percent 0 0 0 100 to 499 Number 0 6 6 Percent 0 68 65 Number 1 13 14 < 100 Percent 100 32 35

Coal Demand
Disposition Consumption (thousand short tons) Electric Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Coke Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residential and Commercial . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Year-End Utility Stocks (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Electricity Generation Total (million kilowatthours) . . . . . . . . . . . Coal (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nuclear (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

5,752 0 264 30 6,046

12,747 0 852 3 13,602

14,866 0 W W 15,423

15,668 0 W W 16,345

16,699 0 W W 17,430

5,157

4,194

2,633

2,835

3,066

44,636 22 0 78

44,139 46 0 54

45,063 56 0 44

44,850 58 0 42

45,943 60 0 40

Utility Coal Data, 1992
Average Quality and Average Delivered Cost Heat Content (million Btu per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sulfur Content (percent by weight) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ash Content (percent by weight) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pounds of Sulfur per million Btu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dollars per million Btu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dollars per short ton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Produced in State 24.97 2.78 9.77 2.23 1.17 29.27 Receipts, All Sources 17.40 .42 5.24 .48 1.23 21.47

78

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Oklahoma
Estimated Total State Energy Consumption, 1991: 1,283 trillion Btu (coal, 292; natural gas, 582; petroleum, 432; nuclear electric power, 0; hydroelectric power, 19; other, 0; net interstate flow of electricity and associated losses, -42).

W = Withheld to avoid disclosure of individual company data. NA = Not available. Notes: Totals may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Data coverage—Production: all mines. Number of mines: 1980, mines that produced 10,000 short tons or more; other years, all mines. Number of miners and productivity: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons and preparation plants that had 5,000 or more employee hours. Average mine price: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons. Average quality and average delivered cost of utility coal: power plants with a generator nameplate capacity of 50 megawatts or more. Extent of coal-bearing areas and locations of coalconsuming plants shown on map are approximate; small coal deposits are not shown. Coal-producing counties shown on map exclude any county where all 1992 output was from mines producing less than 10,000 short tons. Sources: Energy Information Administration—U.S. Coal Reserves: An Update by Heat and Sulfur Content, February 1993; Coal Production 1992 and prior issues; Coal Data: A Reference; Quarterly Coal Report October-December 1992 and prior issues; Electric Power Annual 1991 and prior issues; Electric Power Monthly, March 1993; Cost and Quality of Fuels for Electric Power Plants 1992; Inventory of Power Plants in the United States 1992; State Energy Data Report 1991: Consumption Estimates; Map of coal-bearing areas is based mainly on U.S. Geological Survey map, Coalfields of the United States, 1960. Data for historical graph 1890-1975, U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey and Bureau of Mines (Minerals Yearbook and annual predecessor Mineral Resources of the United States); 1976 forward, Energy Information Administration, Coal Production 1992 and prior issues.

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

79

Destination of Coal Produced in Oklahoma, 1992 (Million Short Tons)

KS OK 1.6

MO

* *
TX 0.1

AR 0.1

*

Quantity is less than 0.1 million short tons.

Domestic Exports Total

1.9 * 2.0

Transportation modes, domestic markets (percent): rail, 9; truck, 91. Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”

80

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Origin of Coal Received in Oklahoma, 1992 (Million Short Tons)

WY 16.7

PA
WV

*

*
OK 1.6
AR

*

*

Quantity is less than 0.1 million short tons.

Total

18.4

Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”
Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 81

State Coal Profile: Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania has long been a major source of coal, leading the Nation in coal production until the early 1950's and ranking among the top coal producers since then. Cumulative production is more than 15 billion short tons, an amount far exceeding that from any other State. In 1992, coal was Pennsylvania's most valuable mineral resource, the value of production representing an estimated 60 percent of the total value of all mineral commodities produced. Pennsylvania's coal deposits consist of bituminous coal and anthracite. Bituminous coal underlies most of the western part of the State in flat-lying beds. Anthracite deposits occur in four fields in the East and are intensely folded and faulted. Virtually all U.S. anthracite production has been from these fields. About 40 coalbeds are mined. The major beds of bituminous coal, about 3 to 6 feet thick, are the Pittsburgh, Upper and Lower Freeport, and Upper and Lower Kittanning. An important source of anthracite is the Mammoth coal zone. This comprises several 5– to 6–footthick coalbeds that merge in places into one bed more than 50 feet thick. Some bituminous coal is used to produce metallurgical coke. Anthracite is sometimes blended with coking coal to improve the physical properties of the coke produced. Bituminous coal was first mined in Pennsylvania in 1760 near present-day Pittsburgh. By the mid-1800's, it was widely used as a fuel for domestic use and the salt and glass industries. The State's bituminous coal industry grew with the development of the iron and steel industry and the rising use of coal-fired steam power. Although used by blacksmiths at Wilkes-Barre in 1769, anthracite was not widely accepted as a fuel until the early 1800's, when the problem of keeping it burning was solved by the use of specially designed grates and stoves. The development of canals, railroads, and river transportation opened up markets for both bituminous coal and anthracite. In 1918, output was a record 277 million short tons, a level unequalled by any other State.
Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 79

Production dropped during the Depression before climbing to more than 200 million short tons during World War II. Output then decreased due to competi-

tion from other fuels, the loss of the large railroad market as diesel-electric locomotives replaced coal-fired locomotives, and a falling demand for coal by the iron and steel industry. Anthracite production dropped from over 40 million short tons in 1950 to about 3 million short tons in recent years. Bituminous coal production fell from over 100 million short tons in 1950 to 65 million short tons in 1992. The dominance of underground coal mining in Pennsylvania declined with the rise in surface mining after World War II. In 1992, underground mines accounted for about two-thirds of the State's output. The Bailey No. 1 mine of Consolidation Coal Company in Greene County was the largest underground coal mine in both the State and the country, producing about 6 million short tons. The company's Bailey coal preparation plant, with a capacity of 3,200 short tons per hour, was the Nation's largest. Greene County was the leading coal-producing county. Anthracite production was chiefly from surface mines in Schuylkill County. A little more than half of the coal produced from Pennsylvania's mines in 1992 remained in the State. The leading out-of-State shipments were to New York, Ohio, and Maryland. Of the 6 million short tons exported, threefourths went overseas and the rest to Canada. In 1992, Pennsylvania was the fourth-largest coalconsuming State, using 56 million short tons. Electric power plants were the principal coal consumers. The State's mines provided about three-fourths of the utility coal used, and West Virginia supplied most of the remainder. Anthracite culm and silt (waste materials from preparation plants) were also used as utility fuel. The State's largest coal-burning generating facility is the 2,360megawatt Bruce Mansfield plant of Pennsylvania Power Company, in Beaver County. Coke plants, the secondlargest coal consumers in the State, received about onefourth of their needs from Pennsylvania and the rest from West Virginia, Virginia, and Kentucky. Pennsylvania was the largest coke-producing State in 1992, with nearly onethird of the U.S. total. Other industrial consumption was mainly at cement plants and paper mills. Anthracite predominated in the residential and commercial sectors.

80

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Pennsylvania
Coal Production, 1890-1992

Million Short Tons 30 0

25 0

20 0 15 0

10 0

50 0 18 90 1 900 1 910 1 92 0 1 93 0 1 94 0 1 95 0 196 0 197 0 19 80 19 90
Coal-bearing area 0 Coal-producing county Coal-fired power plant Coke plant Miles 50 100

Total Area of State: 45,333 square miles Area Underlain by Coal: 15,000 square miles

First Year of Documented Coal Production Anthracite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1820 (458 short tons). Bituminous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1840 (465,000 short tons) Peak Year of Coal Production Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1918 (277,377,000 short tons). Anthracite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1917 (99,612,000 short tons). Bituminous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1918 (178,551,000 short tons).

Coal Reserves (Million Short Tons)
Type of Reserve Demonstrated Reserve Base: (January 1, 1992) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Estimated Recoverable Reserves: (January 1, 1992) Sulfur Content (pounds per million Btu) < 0.61 (low sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.61-1.67 (medium sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . > 1.67 (high sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Estimated Recoverable Reserves at Active Mines, Year-End 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Underground Surface Total

24,652

4,537

29,189

563 5,541 5,367 11,472 723

372 468 388 1,229 214

936 6,009 5,756 12,700 937

Production
Salient Data by Mine Type Underground Quantity (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Surface Quantity (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

43,474 124 23,442 .99 37.64

36,590 196 14,185 1.37 36.25

40,530 153 9,937 2.12 33.23

40,953 139 8,751 2.38 31.72

45,112 140 8,113 2.81 30.23

49,651 549 12,476 2.11 25.87

34,818 578 8,022 2.11 29.35

29,984 520 5,962 2.42 25.91

24,429 469 4,755 2.53 25.42

23,868 438 4,546 2.45 25.48

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

81

Pennsylvania
Quantity (thousand short tons) Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93,125 673 35,918 1.41 31.12 71,408 774 22,207 1.65 32.91 70,514 673 15,899 2.24 30.15 65,381 608 13,506 2.43 29.40 68,981 578 12,659 2.67 28.61

82

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Pennsylvania
Number of Mines by Production Range and Percent of Production, 1992
Production Range (thousand short tons) Mine Type 1,000 and over Number Underground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . All Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1 11 Percent 65 6 44 500 to 999 Number 11 5 16 Percent 16 16 16 100 to 499 Number 30 50 80 Percent 16 42 25 Number 89 382 471 < 100 Percent 3 36 15

Coal Demand
Disposition Consumption (thousand short tons) Electric Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Coke Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residential and Commercial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Year-End Utility Stocks (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Electricity Generation Total (million kilowatthours) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Coal (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nuclear (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

42,465 17,065 4,391 1,521 65,442

41,713 9,762 3,852 1,226 56,553

41,465 10,456 4,090 1,308 57,319

40,662 8,812 4,049 1,408 54,931

40,407 9,868 4,243 1,626 56,144

11,622

13,628

14,363

14,412

14,866

122,510 81 10 9

135,018 74 19 7

165,683 62 35 3

162,367 62 35 3

166,034 62 36 2

Utility Coal Data, 1992
Average Quality and Average Delivered Cost Heat Content (million Btu per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sulfur Content (percent by weight) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ash Content (percent by weight) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pounds of Sulfur per million Btu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dollars per million Btu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dollars per short ton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Produced in State 25.10 1.85 11.59 1.47 1.46 36.62 Receipts, All Sources 24.80 2.12 12.56 1.71 1.48 36.81

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

83

Pennsylvania
Estimated Total State Energy Consumption, 1991: 3,492 trillion Btu (coal, 1,365; natural gas, 662; petroleum, 1,243; nuclear electric power, 617; hydroelectric power, 7; other, 0; net interstate flow of electricity and associated losses, -402).

Notes: Totals may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Data coverage—Production: all mines. Number of mines: 1980, mines that produced 10,000 short tons or more; other years, all mines. Number of miners and productivity: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons and preparation plants that had 5,000 or more employee hours. Average mine price: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons. Average quality and average delivered cost of utility coal: power plants with a generator nameplate capacity of 50 megawatts or more. Extent of coal-bearing areas and locations of coal-consuming plants shown on map are approximate; small coal deposits are not shown. Coal-producing counties shown on map exclude any county where all 1992 output was from mines producing less than 10,000 short tons. Sources: Energy Information Administration—U.S. Coal Reserves: An Update by Heat and Sulfur Content, February 1993; Coal Production 1992 and prior issues; Coal Data: A Reference; Quarterly Coal Report October-December 1992 and prior issues; Electric Power Annual 1991 and prior issues; Electric Power Monthly, March 1993; Cost and Quality of Fuels for Electric Power Plants 1992; Inventory of Power Plants in the United States 1992; State Energy Data Report 1991: Consumption Estimates; Map of coal-bearing areas is based mainly on U.S. Geological Survey map, Coalfields of the United States, 1960. Data for historical graph 1890-1975, U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey and Bureau of Mines (Minerals Yearbook and annual predecessor Mineral Resources of the United States); 1976 forward, Energy Information Administration, Coal Production 1992 and prior issues.

84

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Destination of Coal Produced in Pennsylvania, 1992 (Million Short Tons)
WA

*
CA

VT
ND MN SD NE WI 1.6 MI 1.9

*

AZ

* * * * * * * * * * * * ** * * * * * * ** * * * *
NY 8.7 RI

* *

NH 0.7 ME
MA 0.3

WY

UT 0.3

IA 0.2

IL IN

CO

KS

MO

OH 3.6 WV VA 0.4 KY 1.4

PA 37.7

NJ

CT 0.1

DE 0.2

NC

NM

OK

TN

AR

SC

MD 2.4

MS AL GA

TX

LA

FL

*

Quantity is less than 0.1 million short tons.

Domestic 61.2 Exports 6.4 Total 67.6

Transportation modes, domestic markets (percent): rail, 46; water, 15; truck, 24; tramway/conveyor, 12; unknown, 2. Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

85

Origin of Coal Received in Pennsylvania, 1992 (Million Short Tons)

WY

*

PA

37.7 OH 0.5 WV VA KY 13.7 2.1 2.4

MD

*

AL 0.2

*

Quantity is less than 0.1 million short tons.

Total

56.7

Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”
86 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

State Coal Profile: Tennessee
Coal is the leading mineral fuel produced in Tennessee. The coal output in 1992 accounted for about 10 percent of the total estimated value of all mineral commodities produced in the State. Tennessee's coalfields, located in the eastern part of the State, are part of the Appalachian coal region. The coalbearing area covers a northeasterly trending belt ranging from 50 to 70 miles in width. All the coal is bituminous in rank. Some of it can be converted into metallurgical coke, but none is currently produced for this purpose. Although about 12 coalbeds were mined in 1992, production was largely from the Sewanee, Beach Grove, and Jellico beds, which average 3 to 4 feet in thickness. The first recorded use of coal in Tennessee was in 1814, when coal was mined by blacksmiths for forging iron near what is now Rockwood, in Roane County. Most of the early efforts to mine Tennessee coal commercially were unsuccessful because of transportation difficulties and lack of steady demand. The arrival of the railroads in the Tennessee coalfields provided a two-fold impetus to mine coal. In addition to transporting coal to distant markets, the railroads were also consumers of coal. Following the completion of the Tennessee Central Railway in the early 1900's, production rose almost steadily through World War I, reaching nearly 7 million short tons. After a setback due partly to the Depression and the development of hydropower in the State, production expanded to about 8 million short tons during World War II. The postwar coal industry, however, experienced a loss of two of its major markets. Coal once widely used for space heating was replaced by oil and gas, and coal-fired locomotives were phased out by diesel-electric engines. These losses were later offset as coal demand increased when the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) constructed a series of coal-fired power plants in the State. As a result, coal output rose to a record 11 million short tons in 1972. Since then, however, Tennessee's coal production has been trending downward, as the output from surface mines has fallen due to the high cost of working thin, discontinuous coalbeds under thick overburden. The State's coal output dropped to 3 million short tons in 1992. Underground mines have been the major source of coal production in Tennessee. Before 1938, all coal produced in the State was from underground mines. The output from surface mines gained importance after World War II. In 1992, the leading source of coal was the Underground No. 6 mine of Cross Mountain Coal, Inc., in Campbell County. Tennessee's leading coal-producing counties were Campbell and Sequatchie. About two-thirds of the coal shipped from Tennessee's mines in 1992 was used to generate electricity, and the rest was mostly for other industrial use. Nearly 60 percent of the coal distributed remained in the State. Most of the shipments out of Tennessee went to Alabama, and a small amount was exported. More than 80 percent of the 24 million short tons of coal consumed in Tennessee was used to generate electricity. About three-fourths of this coal was from Kentucky; Tennessee's mines supplied about 6 percent of the total. The largest coal-fired power plant in Tennessee is TVA's 2,494-megawatt Cumberland plant, in Stewart County. The leading coal consumer in the industrial sector was Tennessee Eastman Company, a unit of Eastman Chemicals Division of the Eastman Kodak Company, located in Kingsport. The company's coal gasification plant, in operation since 1983, is one of three commercial coal gasification plants in the United States. This coal gasification plant uses coal as a feedstock to manufacture acetic anhydride, used in the production of cellulose acetate for photographic film base.

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

83

Tennessee
Coal Production, 1890-1992

Milion Short Tons 12

10

8

6

4

Coal-bearing area Coal-producing county Coal-fired power plant Coal gasification plant 0 50 Miles 100

2

Total Area of State: 42,244 square miles Area Underlain by Coal: 4,600 square miles

0 1 890 19 00 1 91 0 19 20 1 93 0 19 40 195 0 1 960 19 70 1 98 0 19 90

First Year of Documented Coal Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1840 (558 short tons) Peak Year of Coal Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1972 (11,260,000 short tons)

Coal Reserves (Million Short Tons)
Type of Reserve Demonstrated Reserve Base: (January 1, 1992) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Estimated Recoverable Reserves: (January 1, 1992) Sulfur Content (pounds per million Btu) < 0.61 (low sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.61-1.67 (medium sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . > 1.67 (high sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Estimated Recoverable Reserves at Active Mines, Year-End 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Underground Surface Total

551

293

843

69 173 60 302 W

39 118 41 198 W

108 291 101 500 43

Production
Salient Data by Mine Type Underground Quantity (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Surface Quantity (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

4,750 54 2,076 1.21 29.09

5,204 70 1,871 1.50 29.71

4,526 61 1,319 1.68 W

3,060 50 988 1.72 W

2,039 37 599 1.81 W

5,100 63 1,539 1.57 25.92

2,242 48 751 1.55 25.78

1,666 25 378 2.32 W

1,230 22 254 2.45 W

1,437 13 205 3.06 W

84

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Tennessee
Total Quantity (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9,850 117 3,615 1.36 27.54

7,446 118 2,622 1.51 28.54

6,193 86 1,697 1.81 27.96

4,290 72 1,242 1.88 26.74

3,476 50 804 2.19 27.11

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

85

Tennessee
Number of Mines by Production Range and Percent of Production, 1992
Production Range (thousand short tons) Mine Type 1,000 and over Number Underground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . All Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 Percent 0 0 0 500 to 999 Number 1 0 1 Percent 37 0 22 100 to 499 Number 4 5 9 Percent 29 85 52 Number 32 8 40 < 100 Percent 34 15 26

Coal Demand
Disposition Consumption (thousand short tons) Electric Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Coke Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residential and Commercial . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Year-End Utility Stocks (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Electricity Generation Total (million kilowatthours) Coal (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nuclear (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

21,679 W W W 24,496

20,853 W W W 25,105

20,814 W 3,779 W 24,878

19,216 W 3,702 W 23,107

20,263 0 3,682 157 24,102

9,200

3,846

3,596

3,148

3,016

60,211 84 1 15

66,581 75 15 10

73,903 68 19 13

73,932 63 22 15

75,395 66 21 13

Utility Coal Data, 1992
Average Quality and Average Delivered Cost Heat Content (million Btu per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sulfur Content (percent by weight) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ash Content (percent by weight) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pounds of Sulfur per million Btu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dollars per million Btu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dollars per short ton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Produced in State 25.34 1.39 9.63 1.10 1.33 33.63 Receipts, All Sources 24.36 2.02 8.31 1.66 1.27 31.01

86

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Tennessee
Estimated Total State Energy Consumption, 1991: 1,747 trillion Btu (coal, 566; natural gas, 235; petroleum, 567; nuclear electric power, 178; hydroelectric power, 109; other, 0; net interstate flow of electricity and associated losses, 93.

W = Withheld to avoid disclosure of individual company data. Notes: Data coverage—Production: all mines. Number of mines: 1980, mines that produced 10,000 short tons or more; other years, all mines. Number of miners and productivity: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons and preparation plants that had 5,000 or more employee hours. Average mine price: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons. Average quality and average delivered cost of utility coal: power plants with a generator nameplate capacity of 50 megawatts or more. Totals may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Extent of coal-bearing areas and locations of coal-consuming plants shown on map are approximate; small coal deposits are not shown. Coal-producing counties shown on map exclude any county where all 1992 output was from mines producing less than 10,000 short tons. Coal receipts are based on distribution data and may not have actually been received during the year. Sources: Energy Information Administration—U.S. Coal Reserves: An Update by Heat and Sulfur Content, February 1993; Coal Production 1992 and prior issues; Coal Data: A Reference; Quarterly Coal Report October-December 1992 and prior issues; Electric Power Annual 1991 and prior issues; Electric Power Monthly, March 1993; Cost and Quality of Fuels for Electric Power Plants 1992; Inventory of Power Plants in the United States 1992; State Energy Data Report 1991: Consumption Estimates; Map of coal-bearing areas is based mainly on U.S. Geological Survey map, Coalfields of the United States, 1960. Data for historical graph 1890-1975, U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey and Bureau of Mines (Minerals Yearbook and annual predecessor Mineral Resources of the United States); 1976 forward, Energy Information Administration, Coal Production 1992 and prior issues.

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

87

Destination of Coal Produced in Tennessee, 1992 (Million Short Tons)

MI

IN

*
VA KY NC 0.1 SC AL 0 .7 WV 0.3

TN 1.6

* *

*

*

*

Quantity is less than 0.1 million short tons.

Domestic Exports Total

2.8 2.8

*

Transportation modes, domestic markets (percent): rail, 60; water, 24; truck, 14; unknown, 2. Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”

88

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Origin of Coal Received in Tennessee, 1992 (Million Short Tons)

MT

* *

WY PA IL IN 2.3 0.2

*

WV VA KY 1.1 2.4

18.8
TN 1.6 AL

*

*

Quantity is less than 0.1 million short tons.

Total

26.6

Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”
Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 89

State Coal Profile: Texas
Texas ranks first in the United States in the production of lignite. Although greatly overshadowed by crude oil and natural gas production, coal holds an important place in the Texas energy scene. The lignite deposits in Texas occur chiefly in northeasterly trending belts in the eastern part of the State. The largest commercial deposits are in the Wilcox Formation. The beds mined range from 3 to 10 feet in thickness, although in places two or more beds merge to form a single bed over 20 feet thick. Bituminous coal is found in the northcentral, southern, and southwestern parts of Texas, typically in beds 3 feet or less in thickness. Currently, the only bituminous coal produced is from Webb County and is the variety called “cannel coal.” Lignite deposits in Texas were first reported in 1818 and bituminous coal was discovered by the mid-1800's. The early coal industry in Texas produced lignite for local domestic heating and steam generation at cotton gins and other industrial plants. Bituminous coal was produced chiefly for railroad fuel. Total annual coal production reached more than 2 million short tons before 1920. Subsequently, annual coal production declined as markets were lost to oil and gas produced from numerous fields discovered in the State. Bituminous coal production virtually ceased by 1944, but lignite production continued on a small scale due to the establishment of several industrial markets near lignite deposits. Since 1922, lignite has been used to manu-facture activated carbon at a plant in Marshall. In 1926, the Texas Utilities Generating Company began operating the State's first lignite-fired power plant, the Trinidad, in Henderson County. This plant generated electricity from lignite until it converted to natural gas in the early 1940's. The Aluminum Corporation of America has been using lignite since 1954 to generate electricity for its smelter at Rockdale. The period from the mid-1960's to the mid-1970's was a pivotal time in the development of lignite in Texas as rising natural gas prices created serious concern about economical future sources of energy in the State. In 1971, Texas Utilities Generating Company began operating its newly constructed Big Brown power plant with lignite produced from the nearby Big Brown surface mine. This demonstrated the feasibility of using Texas lignite on a large scale for electricity generation. Further impetus to develop Texas lignite came from the 1973-74 Arab oil embargo and the 1976 order from the Texas Railroad Commission, the State's energy regulatory agency, that limited the future use of natural gas as boiler fuel. At the time, natural gas accounted for more than 85 percent of the electricity generated in Texas, while coal accounted for about 10 percent. The opening of new mines to supply other lignite-fueled power plants in the State contributed to the steady growth of Texas coal output. About 55 million short tons were produced in 1992. Early coal mining in Texas was mostly by underground methods, but current production is entirely from surface mines. Several of these mines rank among the largest in the United States. The State's largest coal mine, producing about 11 million short tons in 1992, was the Martin Lake mine of Texas Utilities Mining, in Panola County. The top three coal-producing counties were Panola, Titus, and Leon. All of the coal produced (virtually all lignite with less than 1 percent bituminous coal) in Texas was used in the State. The Nation's leading coal-consuming State since 1981, Texas used 91 million short tons in 1992. Electric power plants were by far the dominant markets, accounting for nearly all of the total. Texas lignite comprised about 60 percent of the utility coal, with Wyoming subbituminous coal accounting for nearly all of the balance. In 1992, the electricity generated from coal in Texas ranked second in the Nation after Ohio. The largest coal-fired generating facility is the 2,335-megawatt W. A. Parrish plant of Houston Lighting and Power Company, in Fort Bend County. The plant uses Wyoming coal. Small amounts of coal are consumed mostly in manufacturing activated carbon, cement, and lime, and for generating electricity for aluminum production. Coke production for the State's iron and steel industry ended in 1987.

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

87

Texas
Coal Production, 1890-1992

Million Short Tons 60
0 50 Miles 100

50

40 30

20

10 0 18 90 19 00 19 10 19 20 19 30 19 40 19 50 19 60 19 70 19 80 19 90
Coal-bearing area Coal-producing county Coal-fired power plant

Total Area of State: 267,338 square miles Area Underlain by Coal: 16,100 square miles

First Year of Documented Coal Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1884 (125,000 short tons) Peak Year of Coal Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1990 (55,755,000 short tons)

Coal Reserves (Million Short Tons)
Type of Reserve Demonstrated Reserve Base: (January 1, 1992) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Estimated Recoverable Reserves: (January 1, 1992) Sulfur Content (pounds per million Btu) < 0.61 (low sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.61-1.67 (medium sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . > 1.67 (high sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Estimated Recoverable Reserves at Active Mines, Year-End 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Underground Surface Total

0

13,266

13,266

0 0 0 0 0

0 6,368 3,844 10,212 1,188

0 6,368 3,844 10,212 1,188

Production
Salient Data by Mine Type Underground Quantity (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Surface Quantity (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

0 0 0 ---

0 0 0 ---

0 0 0 ---

0 0 0 ---

0 0 0 ---

29,354 10 1,780 5.93 7.67

45,459 14 2,360 6.26 11.60

55,755 15 2,131 7.48 11.20

53,825 15 2,149 7.17 12.21

55,071 15 2,001 7.34 12.42

88

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Texas
Quantity (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29,354 10 1,780 5.93 7.67 45,459 14 2,360 6.26 11.60 55,755 15 2,131 7.48 11.20 53,825 15 2,149 7.17 12.21 55,071 15 2,001 7.34 12.42

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

89

Texas
Number of Mines by Production Range and Percent of Production, 1992
Production Range (thousand short tons) Mine Type 1,000 and over Number Underground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . All Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 11 11 Percent 0 99 99 500 to 999 Number 0 0 0 Percent 0 0 0 100 to 499 Number 0 4 4 Percent 0 1 1 Number 0 0 0 < 100 Percent 0 0 0

Coal Demand
Disposition Consumption (thousand short tons) Electric Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Coke Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residential and Commercial . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Year-End Utility Stocks (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Electricity Generation Total (million kilowatthours) . . . . . . . . . . . Coal (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nuclear (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

45,351 W W W 48,602

71,818 W W W 77,017

87,248 0 4,157 10 91,415

87,856 0 4,198 11 92,064

87,236 0 4,225 10 91,471

4,882

9,103

8,531

10,474

10,287

202,989 31 0 69

218,510 45 0 55

234,047 51 7 42

238,343 50 8 42

239,807 49 10 41

Utility Coal Data, 1992
Average Quality and Average Delivered Cost Heat Content (million Btu per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sulfur Content (percent by weight) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ash Content (percent by weight) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pounds of Sulfur per million Btu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dollars per million Btu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dollars per short ton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Produced in State 12.45 1.05 17.42 1.69 1.19 14.79 Receipts, All Sources 14.47 .76 12.33 1.05 1.49 21.58

90

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Texas
Estimated Total State Energy Consumption, 1991: 9,785 trillion Btu (coal, 1,333; natural gas, 3,716; petroleum, 4,441; nuclear electric power, 213; hydroelectric power, 18; other, 3; net interstate flow of electricity and associated losses, 61.

W = Withheld to avoid disclosure of individual company data. Notes: Data coverage—Production: all mines. Number of mines: 1980, mines that produced 10,000 short tons or more; other years, all mines. Number of miners and productivity: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons and preparation plants that had 5,000 or more employee hours. Average mine price: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons. Average quality and average delivered cost of utility coal: power plants with a generator nameplate capacity of 50 megawatts or more. Totals may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Extent of coal-bearing areas and locations of coal-consuming plants shown on map are approximate; small coal deposits are not shown. Coal-producing Counties shown on map exclude any County where all 1992 output was from mines producing less than 10,000 short tons. Coal receipts are based on distribution data and may not have actually been received during the year. Sources: Energy Information Administration—U.S. Coal Reserves: An Update by Heat and Sulfur Content, February 1993; Coal Production 1992 and prior issues; Coal Data: A Reference; Quarterly Coal Report October-December 1992 and prior issues; Electric Power Annual 1991 and prior issues; Electric Power Monthly, March 1993; Cost and Quality of Fuels for Electric Power Plants 1992; Inventory of Power Plants in the United States 1992; State Energy Data Report 1991: Consumption Estimates; Map of coal-bearing areas is based mainly on U.S. Geological Survey map, Coalfields of the United States, 1960. Data for historical graph 1890-1975, U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey and Bureau of Mines (Minerals Yearbook and annual predecessor Mineral Resources of the United States); 1976 forward, Energy Information Administration, Coal Production 1992 and prior issues.

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

91

Destination of Coal Produced in Texas, 1992 (Million Short Tons)

TX 54.4

Domestic 54.4 Exports 0 Total 54.4

Transportation modes, domestic markets (percent): rail, 47; truck, 24; tramway/conveyor, 29. Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”

92

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Origin of Coal Received in Texas, 1992 (Million Short Tons)

WY 34.0 CO 2.3 NM 0.2 OK 0.1 TX 54.4

PA

VA

* *

AL

*

*

Quantity is less than 0.1 million short tons.

Total

91.1

Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”
Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 93

State Coal Profile: Utah
Coal accounted for about 18 percent of the estimated value of mineral commodities produced in Utah in 1992. Royalties from coal production from Federal leases totaled $30 million, which was disbursed to the State and the Federal Government. Although coal deposits are widespread in Utah, production is currently from Wasatch Plateau, Book Cliffs, and Emery coalfields. These fields have sizable reserves of high-quality bituminous coal in relatively thick, continuous beds. Because the coalbeds in these fields generally occur near the base of high escarpments, mine entries are driven horizontally into the coalbeds. However, a few mines also have shafts to provide vertical access to the coal. Some coal in the Book Cliffs field has good coking properties and is used in blends to manufacture metallurgical coke. The leading sources of coal from the 10 coalbeds mined in 1992 were the Aberdeen, Hiawatha, and Blind Canyon, which range from 4 to 12 feet in thickness. Coal was first mined in Utah in the early 1850's near what is now Cedar City, in the southwestern part of the State, for blacksmiths and settlements. The Coalville area in northern Utah became the State's major source of coal about 1870 with the opening of a mine to provide heating fuel for Salt Lake City. Coal development in the area was spurred by a $1,000 reward offered in 1854 by the Territorial Legislature to the discoverer of a coal supply within 40 miles of Salt Lake City. Other coal deposits were developed later to supply fuel for the transcontinental railroad and branch railroads constructed in Utah and for manufacturing coke to smelt iron ore found in the State. Utah's coal production reached 6 million short tons in 1920 under the stimulus of World War I and rising shipments of Utah coal to other States. In the 1930's, annual production decreased as markets were lost to competition from fuel oil and natural gas and the economic decline during the Depression. Production rose to more than 7 million short tons to meet the demands of World War II and the postwar boom. By the mid-1960's, however, Utah's annual coal output fell

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

91

to about 4 million short tons, due mostly to the replacement of coal-burning locomotives with dieselpowered locomotives. Utah's coal production then became largely dependent on the demand for coking coal by the iron and steel industry. Utah's coal industry was revitalized in the 1970's when the Arab oil embargo renewed interest in domestic coal as a source of utility fuel. As new mines were opened and existing mines expanded to supply coal mainly for new coal-fired power plants constructed in Utah, the State's coal output trended sharply upward. Production was 21 million short tons in 1992. Utah's coal is mined exclusively by underground methods. The State's largest coal mine in 1992, producing about 5 million short tons, was the Skyline mine of Coastal States Energy Company, in Carbon County. Carbon and Emery counties were the State's leading sources of coal. More than 80 percent of Utah's 1992 coal production was from Federal leases. About 60 percent of the coal produced in Utah in 1992 was delivered to consumers in the State. Shipments out of State were chiefly to California and Nevada. Threefourths of the coal distributed went to power plants. The balance was mostly for industrial use, including coke production, and a small amount was exported overseas. Power plants are by far the leading coal consumers in Utah, accounting for most of the 16 million short tons used in 1992. Utah's mines supplied the bulk of the utility coal required, with the balance received chiefly from Colorado. The largest generating facility is the 1,600-megawatt Intermountain power plant, operated by the City of Los Angeles, in Millard County. About half of the coking coal used in Utah was produced in the State, and the rest was from Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Colorado. Other users of industrial coal, all from Utah's mines, were mainly manufacturers of copper and cement. A small amount of fossil resin has been extracted intermittently since 1929 from coal from the Wasatach Plateau field. The resin is used to produce adhesives, rubber, paint, thermoplastics, and varnish for printing ink.

92

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Utah
Coal Production, 1890-1992
Coal-bearing area Coal-producing county Coal-fired power plant Coke plant
25 Million Short Tons

20

15

0

50 Miles

100

10

5

0 18 90 19 00 19 10 19 20 19 30 19 40 19 50 19 60 19 70 19 80 19 90

Total Area of State: 84,916 square miles Area Underlain by Coal: 15,000 square miles

First Year of Documented Coal Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1870 (5,800 short tons) Peak Year of Coal Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1990 (22,058,000 short tons)

Coal Reserves (Million Short Tons)
Type of Reserve Demonstrated Reserve Base: (January 1, 1992) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Estimated Recoverable Reserves: (January 1, 1992) Sulfur Content (pounds per million Btu) < 0.61 (low sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.61-1.67 (medium sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . > 1.67 (high sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Estimated Recoverable Reserves at Active Mines, Year-End 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Underground Surface Total

5,822

268

6,090

1,040 1,346 468 2,854 488

40 103 69 212 0

1,081 1,449 536 3,066 488

Production
Salient Data by Mine Type Underground Quantity (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Surface Quantity (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

13,236 29 3,512 1.96 25.63

12,780 22 2,563 2.80 27.69

22,058 18 2,434 4.74 18.53

21,945 15 2,277 4.80 22.59

21,339 15 1,997 5.46 21.11

0 0 0 ---

0 0 0 ---

0 0 0 ---

0 0 0 ---

0 0 0 ---

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

93

Utah
Quantity (thousand short tons) Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,236 29 3,512 1.96 25.63 12,780 22 2,563 2.80 27.69 22,058 18 2,434 4.74 18.53 21,945 15 2,277 4.80 22.59 21,339 15 1,997 5.46 21.11

94

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Utah
Number of Mines by Production Range and Percent of Production, 1992
Production Range (thousand short tons) Mine Type 1,000 and over Number Underground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . All Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 0 6 Percent 84 0 84 500 to 999 Number 2 0 2 Percent 7 0 7 100 to 499 Number 7 0 7 Percent 9 0 9 Number 0 0 0 < 100 Percent 0 0 0

Coal Demand
Disposition Consumption (thousand short tons) Electric Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Coke Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residential and Commercial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Year-End Utility Stocks (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Electricity Generation Total (million kilowatthours) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Coal (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nuclear (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

4,895 W 501 W 7,106

6,325 W 472 W 8,303

13,563 W 676 W 15,738

12,829 W 508 W 14,834

13,857 W 535 W 15,729

1,092

997

3,697

4,123

3,153

12,112 90 0 10

15,411 92 0 8

32,260 98 0 2

30,158 96 0 4

32,909 96 0 4

Utility Coal Data, 1992
Average Quality and Average Delivered Cost Heat Content (million Btu per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sulfur Content (percent by weight) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ash Content (percent by weight) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pounds of Sulfur per million Btu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dollars per million Btu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dollars per short ton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Produced in State 23.09 .46 10.85 .40 1.23 28.31 Receipts, All Sources 22.77 .47 11.24 .41 1.21 27.54

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

95

Utah
Estimated Total State Energy Consumption, 1991: 566 trillion Btu (coal, 345; natural gas, 143; petroleum, 207; nuclear electric power, 0; hydroelectric power, 6; other, 4; net interstate flow of electricity and associated losses, -138).

W = Withheld to avoid disclosure of individual company data. Notes: Totals may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Data coverage—Production: all mines. Number of mines: 1980, mines that produced 10,000 short tons or more; other years, all mines. Number of miners and productivity: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons and preparation plants that had 5,000 or more employee hours. Average mine price: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons. Average quality and average delivered cost of utility coal: power plants with a generator nameplate capacity of 50 megawatts or more. Extent of coal-bearing areas and locations of coalconsuming plants shown on map are approximate; small coal deposits are not shown. Coal-producing counties shown on map exclude any county where all 1992 output was from mines producing less than 10,000 short tons. Sources: Energy Information Administration—U.S. Coal Reserves: An Update by Heat and Sulfur Content, February 1993; Coal Production 1992 and prior issues; Coal Data: A Reference; Quarterly Coal Report October-December 1992 and prior issues; Electric Power Annual 1991 and prior issues; Electric Power Monthly, March 1993; Cost and Quality of Fuels for Electric Power Plants 1992; Inventory of Power Plants in the United States 1992; State Energy Data Report 1991: Consumption Estimates; Map of coal-bearing areas is based mainly on U.S. Geological Survey map, Coalfields of the United States, 1960. Data for historical graph 1890-1975, U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey and Bureau of Mines (Minerals Yearbook and annual predecessor Mineral Resources of the United States); 1976 forward, Energy Information Administration, Coal Production 1992 and prior issues.

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Destination of Coal Produced in Utah, 1992 (Million Short Tons)
WA 0.3 OR 0.1

MT ID

*
WY

CA 2.8

NV 2.0

*
UT 13.0 AZ 0.1

* *

NE

CO

*

MO

IL 0.2

*
FL

* *
Quantity is less than 0.1 million short tons.

Domestic 18.8 Exports 2.3 Total 21.1

Transportation modes, domestic markets (percent): rail, 52; truck, 33; tramway/conveyor, 15; unknown, < 1. Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”

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97

Origin of Coal Received in Utah, 1992 (Million Short Tons)

WY 0.6 UT 13.0 CO 1.6

PA 0.3 VA 0.2

*

Quantity is less than 0.1 million short tons.

Total

15.7

Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”
98 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

State Coal Profile: Virginia
Coal is the most valuable of Virginia's mineral commodities. The 1992 coal production was estimated to account for more than two-thirds of the total value of all minerals produced in the State, including crude oil and natural gas. Coal occurs in Virginia in three separate areas: the Eastern fields, consisting of two basins located west of Richmond; the Valley fields, comprising narrow coal-bearing areas in the west-central part of the State; and the Southwest field, which is part of the Appalachian coal basin. The Southwest field contains most of Virginia's coal reserves and is the source of virtually all of the State's coal production. Only bituminous coal is currently produced in Virginia, although semianthracite has been produced in the Valley fields. About half of Virginia's coal output is estimated to be metallurgical coal, used to make coke for the iron and steel industry in the United States and other countries. Although more than 40 coalbeds were mined in 1992, the leading sources of output were the Pocahontas No. 3 (an important source of metallurgical coal) and Jawbone. Coalbed thickness is 4 to 5 feet. The first commercial production of coal in the United States began near Richmond in 1748. Consumers of this coal included local blacksmiths and iron foundries. After the Revolutionary War, production of Richmond coal rose to a peak of 175,000 short tons in 1835 and ended in the 1920's, due to competition from other coalfields. Production from the Valley coalfields trended upward in the late 1800's after railroads were constructed to the mines. It reached more than 200,000 short tons annually in the 1930's and early 1940's before virtually ending in 1971. The Southwest coalfield became the center of Virginia's coal industry in the late 1800's, when an extensive railroad system linked the area with coal consumers in Virginia and other States and to ports at Norfolk. Coke production began in the Southwest field in 1883. Annual coal production in Virginia grew to 14 million short tons in 1926 and then dropped below 8 million short tons during the Depression. It later recovered and reached 20 million short tons during World War II. In the decade following the war, the State's coal industry suffered losses as railroads converted from coal to oil, and heating fuel markets switched to oil and natural gas. Production declined to a postwar low of about 16 million short tons in 1949 before recovering to trend generally upward to more than 40 million short tons in recent years. Initially, the increase was due largely to a growing demand for coking coal. Later, the upward trend was sustained by a rising demand for utility coal. Virginia's coal output was 43 million short tons in 1992. Underground mines have always produced most of Virginia's coal. In recent years, they accounted for more than 80 percent of the State's total coal output. Surface coal mining in Virginia began in the 1920's and reached a peak in the mid 1970's. Virginia's largest mine, producing over 2 million short tons in 1992, was the underground Buchanan No. 1 mine of Consolidation Coal Company, in Buchanan County. The State's leading coal-producing counties were Buchanan and Wise. Of the coal shipped from Virginia's mines in 1992, about 60 percent was for U.S. markets and the rest was exported. A little more than half of the out-of-State shipments was utility coal, delivered chiefly to power plants in North Carolina. Nearly one-third was coking coal for consumers mostly in Indiana and Pennsylvania. More than 60 percent of the 13 million short tons of coal consumed in Virginia in 1992 was for generating electricity. About 40 percent of the utility coal was produced in Virginia, with nearly all of the balance received from Kentucky and West Virginia. Virginia's largest coal-fired generating utility is the 1,250-megawatt Chesterfield plant of Virginia Electric and Power Company, in Chesterfield County. All of the coking coal used at the State's only coke plant, in Vansant, was from Virginia. Other industrial coal consumers in Virginia are manufacturers of paper, paperboard, and synthetic fibers. These consumers use coal from Virginia, West Virginia, and Kentucky. In recent years, Virginia has ranked as the second-largest coal exporting State, following West Virginia. About 90
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Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

percent of Virginia's coal exports were estimated to be metallurgical coal. Norfolk, Virginia, is the leading U.S. Customs District for coal exports, handling coal from Virginia and other States. The three coal-handling terminals are Lamberts Point Coal Pier No. 6, Dominion Terminals Associates, and Pier IX Terminal. In 1992, coal exports through the Norfolk Customs District totaled 53 million short tons, accounting for 52 percent of U.S. coal exports.

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Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Virginia
Coal Production, 1890-1992

Million Short Tons 50

40

30

20

10

0 18 90 19 00 19 10 19 20 19 30 19 40 19 50 19 60 19 70 19 80 19 90

Coal-bearing area Coal-producing county Coal-fired power plant Coke plant 0 50 Miles 100

Total Area of State: 40,817 square miles Area Underlain by Coal: 1,940 square miles

First Year of Documented Coal Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1748 (50 short tons) Peak Year of Coal Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1990 (46,917,000 short tons)

Coal Reserves (Million Short Tons)
Type of Reserve Demonstrated Reserve Base: (January 1, 1992) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Estimated Recoverable Reserves: (January 1, 1992) Sulfur Content (pounds per million Btu) < 0.61 (low sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.61-1.67 (medium sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . > 1.67 (high sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Estimated Recoverable Reserves at Active Mines, Year-End 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Underground Surface Total

1,816

730

2,546

654 366 0 1,020 323

252 216 0 468 43

905 582 0 1,487 366

Production
Salient Data by Mine Type Underground Quantity (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Surface Quantity (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

32,358 387 13,569 1.27 36.47

33,550 390 11,553 1.72 30.37

39,150 258 8,955 2.14 28.39

34,138 222 8,515 2.12 27.76

34,715 196 7,888 2.20 27.88

8,651 115 2,307 1.91 28.05

7,390 119 1,715 2.37 29.18

7,767 82 1,387 2.89 26.32

7,816 72 1,540 2.95 26.12

8,308 62 1,250 3.50 26.17

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97

Virginia
Quantity (thousand short tons) Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41,009 502 15,876 1.37 34.58 40,940 509 13,268 1.81 30.16 46,917 340 10,342 2.24 28.05 41,954 294 10,055 2.23 27.45 43,024 258 9,138 2.37 27.55

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Virginia
Number of Mines by Production Range and Percent of Production, 1992
Production Range (thousand short tons) Mine Type 1,000 and over Number Underground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . All Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 0 7 Percent 32 0 26 500 to 999 Number 5 1 6 Percent 9 7 9 100 to 499 Number 72 26 98 Percent 45 80 52 Number 112 35 147 < 100 Percent 14 13 13

Coal Demand
Disposition Consumption (thousand short tons) Electric Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Coke Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residential and Commercial . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Year-End Utility Stocks (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Electricity Generation Total (million kilowatthours) . . . . . . . . . . . Coal (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nuclear (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

5,560 W 2,875 W 9,291

7,166 W 3,334 W 11,656

8,228 W 3,756 W 13,105

8,568 W 4,301 W 13,980

8,639 W 3,594 W 13,397

1,251

1,682

1,639

1,685

1,922

34,306 39 33 28

42,084 42 53 5

47,200 44 50 6

48,941 45 49 6

48,910 46 48 6

Utility Coal Data, 1992
Average Quality and Average Delivered Cost Heat Content (million Btu per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sulfur Content (percent by weight) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ash Content (percent by weight) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pounds of Sulfur per million Btu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dollars per million Btu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dollars per short ton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Produced in State 25.74 1.10 9.67 .85 1.64 42.21 Receipts, All Sources 25.66 1.03 9.48 .80 1.47 37.81

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

99

Virginia
Estimated Total State Energy Consumption, 1991: 1,848 trillion Btu (coal, 357; natural gas, 182; petroleum, 744; nuclear electric power, 257; hydroelectric power, <1; other, <1; net interstate flow of electricity and associated losses, 309).

W = Withheld to avoid disclosure of individual company data. Notes: Totals may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Data coverage—Production: all mines. Number of mines: 1980, mines that produced 10,000 short tons or more; other years, all mines. Number of miners and productivity: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons and preparation plants that had 5,000 or more employee hours. Average mine price: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons. Average quality and average delivered cost of utility coal: power plants with a generator nameplate capacity of 50 megawatts or more. Extent of coal-bearing areas and locations of coalconsuming plants shown on map are approximate; small coal deposits are not shown. Coal-producing counties shown on map exclude any county where all 1992 output was from mines producing less than 10,000 short tons. Sources: Energy Information Administration—U.S. Coal Reserves: An Update by Heat and Sulfur Content, February 1993; Coal Production 1992 and prior issues; Coal Data: A Reference; Quarterly Coal Report October-December 1992 and prior issues; Electric Power Annual 1991 and prior issues; Electric Power Monthly, March 1993; Cost and Quality of Fuels for Electric Power Plants 1992; Inventory of Power Plants in the United States 1992; State Energy Data Report 1991: Consumption Estimates; Map of coal-bearing areas is based mainly on U.S. Geological Survey map, Coalfields of the United States, 1960. Data for historical graph 1890-1975, U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey and Bureau of Mines (Minerals Yearbook and annual predecessor Mineral Resources of the United States); 1976 forward, Energy Information Administration, Coal Production 1992 and prior issues.

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Destination of Coal Produced in Virginia, 1992 (Million Short Tons)
ME ND

*
UT 0.2

NY WI

*

MA 0.2 NJ 0.7

* *

MI

OH IL IN 0.9 WV VA 0.5 2.2 KY 0 .7 6.1 TN 2.4 AL 1.0

PA 2.1

*
DE 0.2 MD

*

NC 5.2 SC GA 1.4 2.8

*

TX

*
Domestic 28.5 Exports 17.2 Total 45.7

FL 0.5

*

Quantity is less than 0.1 million short tons.

Transportation modes, domestic markets (percent): rail, 78; water, 13; truck, 1; tramway/conveyor, 3; unknown, 4. Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”

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101

Origin of Coal Received in Virginia, 1992 (Million Short Tons)

PA

*

MD

5.2
TN

WV VA KY 3.6 6.1

*

*

*

Quantity is less than 0.1 million short tons.

Total

14.9

Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”
102 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

State Coal Profile: Washington
Coal is an important part of the mineral economy of Washington. In 1992, coal was estimated to be the secondhighest valued mineral commodity produced in the State, after sand and gravel, accounting for nearly one-fifth of the estimated value of all mineral commodities produced. A Federal coal lease generated $2 million in royalties, which were disbursed to the State and the Federal Government. Although coal is the only mineral fuel produced in Washington, its role as an energy source is greatly overshadowed by the abundance of hydroelectric power in the State. The principal coal deposits in Washington occur in small areas in the western half of the State. The major economic coal deposits are located along the western slope of the Cascade Mountains. All ranks of coal, from lignite to anthracite, are present in Washington, but production consists predominantly of subbituminous coal, with a small amount of bituminous coal. Although some Washington coal is suitable for conversion to coke for metallurgical use, none has been mined for this purpose since World War II. The coalbeds in Washington are commonly folded and faulted, features that hamper mining. Only a few areas are suitable for surface mining. The high ash content characteristic of many coalbeds in the State is due to volcanic ash that fell when the coal-forming plant material was deposited. Production in 1992 was from about eight coalbeds ranging from 8 to 50 feet in thickness. The major bed is the Big Seam, which averages about 26 feet in thickness. The earliest recorded discovery of coal in Washington was in 1833, along the Toutle River in what is now Cowlitz County. The State's first coal mine was opened in 1853 near Bellingham, Whatcom County. Soon after, mining began in other areas, and by 1880 all of the State's major coal deposits were being produced. Totaling 2 million short tons in 1900, production doubled by 1918, reflecting an increase in demand created by World War I. Early coal consumers in the State included railroads, electric utilities, cement mills, coke plants, briquette producers, smelters, and manufactured gas plants. Coal was also shipped to California. After World War I, annual coal production trended downward as consumers switched to oil or turned to less expensive coal from Utah and Wyoming. In the 1930's, the coal industry suffered as the State's large hydroelectric resources were developed to provide low-cost electricity. Coal production dropped below 2 million short tons in the 1930's and fell to 37,000 short tons by 1970. Interest in Washington's coal was renewed in the 1960's when projections of future electricity requirements escalated beyond the capability of the State's hydroelectric plants. This led to the opening of the Centralia surface coal mine, in Lewis and Thurston counties, to produce subbituminous coal for the Centralia power plant of PacifiCorp, constructed near the mine in Lewis County. In 1971, when the plant's first electric generating unit was placed in service, coal output rose above 1 million short tons. The following year, it more than doubled to fuel a second generating unit at the plant, which has a total generating capability of 1,310 megawatts. Since then, annual production has ranged from 4 to 5 million short tons; in 1992, nearly one-third of the mine's output was from a Federal coal lease. A subsidiary of PacifiCorp operates the mine. Although the Centralia mine accounts for most of Washington's coal output, a smaller coal mine has been in operation since 1986. This is the John Henry No. 1 surface mine of Pacific Coal Coast Company, located about 50 miles northeast of Centralia, in King County. The mine's production, all bituminous coal, totaled about 300,000 short tons in 1992. About three-fourths of the output was exported to Japan and Korea. The export coal was carried by rail to Westshore Terminals at the Port of Vancouver, Canada, for loading into colliers. The balance of the mine's output was used in Washington. Virtually all of the 6 million short tons of coal consumed in Washington in 1992 was for generating electricity. Nearly all of the utility coal used was from the Centralia
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Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

mine, with a smaller amount from the John Henry No. 1 mine. Supplementing this supply was coal from Montana and Utah. Of the coal used for other purposes, nearly twothirds was from Utah, with the balance mostly from Washington and Colorado. The principal industrial users of coal in Washington were manufacturers of cement, pulp, and nonmetallic products.

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Washington
Coal Production, 1890-1992

Million Short Tons 6

5

4

3

2

1

0 189 0 1 90 0 1 91 0 1 92 0 1 93 0 1 940 1 950 19 60 19 70 19 80 19 90
Coal-bearing area Coal-producing county Coal-fired power plant 0 50 Miles 100

Total Area of State: 68,192 square miles Area Underlain by Coal: 1,150 square miles

First Year of Documented Coal Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1860 (5,374 short tons) Peak Year of Coal Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1992 (5,251,000 short tons)

Coal Reserves (Million Short Tons)
Type of Reserve Demonstrated Reserve Base: (January 1, 1992) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Estimated Recoverable Reserves: (January 1, 1992) Sulfur Content (pounds per million Btu) < 0.61 (low sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.61-1.67 (medium sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . > 1.67 (high sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Estimated Recoverable Reserves at Active Mines, Year-End 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Underground Surface Total

1,332

86

1,419

155 520 0 675 0

0 68 0 68 W

155 588 0 743 W

Production
Salient Data by Mine Type Underground Quantity (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Surface Quantity (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mines1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

0 0 0 ---

0 0 0 ---

0 0 0 ---

0 0 0 ---

0 0 0 ---

5,140 2 597 4.17 W

4,438 3 677 3.15 W

5,001 4 777 3.41 W

5,143 3 638 3.97 W

5,251 3 612 4.51 W

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101

Washington
Quantity (thousand short tons) Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,140 2 597 4.17 W 4,438 3 677 3.15 W 5,001 4 777 3.41 W 5,143 3 638 3.97 W 5,251 3 612 4.51 W

102

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Washington
Number of Mines by Production Range and Percent of Production, 1992
Production Range (thousand short tons) Mine Type 1,000 and over Number Underground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Surface1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . All Mines1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 2 2 Percent 0 94 94 500 to 999 Number 0 0 0 Percent 0 0 0 100 to 499 Number 0 1 1 Percent 0 6 6 Number 0 0 0 < 100 Percent 0 0 0

Coal Demand
Disposition Consumption (thousand short tons) Electric Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Coke Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residential and Commercial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Year-End Utility Stocks (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Electricity Generation Total (million kilowatthours) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Coal (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nuclear (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

4,950 0 332 161 5,443

5,192 0 208 216 5,616

4,852 0 229 66 5,147

5,184 0 197 80 5,461

6,148 0 194 91 6,433

1,704

378

1,316

1,145

697

92,325 8 2 90

93,140 8 9 83

100,479 7 6 87

101,353 8 4 88

84,112 11 7 82

Utility Coal Data, 1992
Average Quality and Average Delivered Cost Heat Content (million Btu per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sulfur Content (percent by weight) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ash Content (percent by weight) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pounds of Sulfur per million Btu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dollars per million Btu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dollars per short ton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Produced in State 15.84 .70 15.16 .88 1.40 22.12 Receipts, All Sources 16.38 .66 13.69 .81 1.37 22.48

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Washington
Estimated Total State Energy Consumption, 1991: 1,965 trillion Btu (coal, 89; natural gas, 178; petroleum, 776; nuclear electric power, 45; hydroelectric power, 908; other, 3; net interstate flow of electricity and associated losses, -34).

Includes one mine operating in two counties and counted as two mines. W = Withheld to avoid disclosure of individual company data. Notes: Totals may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Data coverage—Production: all mines. Number of mines: 1980, mines that produced 10,000 short tons or more; other years, all mines. Number of miners and productivity: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons and preparation plants that had 5,000 or more employee hours. Average mine price: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons. Average quality and average delivered cost of utility coal: power plants with a generator nameplate capacity of 50 megawatts or more. Extent of coal-bearing areas and locations of coal-consuming plants shown on map are approximate; small coal deposits are not shown. Coal-producing counties shown on map exclude any county where all 1992 output was from mines producing less than 10,000 short tons. Sources: Energy Information Administration—U.S. Coal Reserves: An Update by Heat and Sulfur Content, February 1993; Coal Production 1992 and prior issues; Coal Data: A Reference; Quarterly Coal Report October-December 1992 and prior issues; Electric Power Annual 1991 and prior issues; Electric Power Monthly, March 1993; Cost and Quality of Fuels for Electric Power Plants 1992; Inventory of Power Plants in the United States 1992; State Energy Data Report 1991: Consumption Estimates; Map of coal-bearing areas is based mainly on U.S. Geological Survey map, Coalfields of the United States, 1960. Data for historical graph 1890-1975, U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey and Bureau of Mines (Minerals Yearbook and annual predecessor Mineral Resources of the United States); 1976 forward, Energy Information Administration, Coal Production 1992 and prior issues.

1

104

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Destination of Coal Produced in Washington, 1992 (Million Short Tons)
WA 5.0

Domestic Exports Total

5.0 0.3 5.3

Transportation modes, domestic markets (percent): rail, < 1; truck, < 1; tramway/conveyor, 98. Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”

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105

Origin of Coal Received in Washington, 1992 (Million Short Tons)
WA 5.0

MT 0.7 WY

UT 0.3

*
CO

PA

*

*

*

Quantity is less than 0.1 million short tons.

Total

6.0

Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”
106 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

State Coal Profile: West Virginia
West Virginia's bituminous coal resources are an important energy source for the Nation. More than 10 billion short tons have been produced since mining began in the early 1800's. In 1992, West Virginia was the secondleading coal producer after Wyoming. West Virginia's coal output dominated the States' mineral economy, accounting for about 86 percent of the esti-mated total value of all mineral commodities produced in the State. Bituminous coal underlies more than two-thirds of West Virginia. The coal deposits are divided by a geological “hinge line” into the Northern and Southern fields. Coalbeds in the Northern Field generally occur in a regular sequence over a wide area, whereas those in the Southern Field vary more in thickness, and generally have a higher heating value and a lower sulfur content. The average thickness of the beds mined ranges from 3 to 7 feet. About 20 coalbeds were mined in 1992 in the Northern Field, where the Pittsburgh and Upper Freeport were the leading sources of production. Foremost among the more than 40 coalbeds mined in the Southern Field were the Coalburg, Stockton-Lewis and Lower Kittanning. Most of West Virginia's coal can be converted into coke. The preeminent coking coal is the Pocahontas No. 3, mined in the Southern Field. The industrial use of coal in the State became signif-icant in the early 1800's when it replaced wood as source of heat for the salt industry in Kanawha Valley. Around the mid1800's, illuminating oil and lubricants were produced from cannel coal (a variety of bituminous coal) in Kanawha and Elk valleys. Coke production in the State began in the late 1800's. With railroad and river transportation facilities established in the late 1800's, the State's coal output rose rapidly from 23 million short tons in 1900 to 146 million short tons in 1927. This was followed by a drop during the Depression and then by a period of recovery. Production exceeded 150 million short tons during World War II and reached an all-time high of 176 million short tons in 1947, when large amounts of coal were shipped to Europe during the postwar recovery period. Subsequently, production fluctuated, reflecting the increased use of diesel locomotives and other competition from petroleum, lower demand for coking coal, changes in foreign demand for West Virginia coal, new requirements in mining and environmental laws, and coal miners' strikes. Production fell below 100 million short tons in the late 1970's before resuming an upward trend. About 162 million short tons were produced in 1992. Underground mining has long been the dominant method of producing coal in West Virginia. Surface mining in the State became important in the 1940's. In 1992, the State's largest mine, with an output of over 4 million short tons, was the Federal No.2 underground mine of Eastern Associated Coal Corp., in Monongalia County. Because of relatively easy access to coalbeds on the sides of valleys, the State has many small mines, but their share of total production is relatively small. Mingo and Boone Counties were the leading coal- producing counties. Although West Virginia had the largest coal mining labor force in 1992, it ranked second to Kentucky in number of coal mines. Most of the coal produced is shipped outside the State. Of the coal distributed in 1992, a little more than half was delivered to other States, nearly one-third was exported, and the rest remained in West Virginia. Of the coal shipped to other States, two-thirds was utility coal, delivered chiefly to Ohio and Pennsylvania. The balance was coking coal and coal for other industrial use. West Virginia was the Nation's leading source of coking coal for domestic markets and the major coal exporter. More than three-fourths of West Virginia's coal exports was estimated to be coking coal. Coal consumption in West Virginia in 1992 totaled 32 million short tons, the bulk of it used to generate electricity. The electric utility industry has been the State's principal coal consumer since the late 1960's, with the increased use of utility coal offsetting losses in other sectors. Most of the utility coal is from West Virginia. The leading coal-burning generating facility is the 2,900103

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

megawatt John E. Amos plant of Appalachian Power Company, in Putnam County. West Virginia mines supplied about half of the coking coal used in the State; the rest was mostly from Virginia. West Virginia coal also accounted for nearly all of the coal used by other industrial consumers, chiefly chemical and metal manufacturers.

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Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

West Virginia
Coal Production, Virginia, 1890-1992
Coal-bearing area Coal-producing county 0 50 Miles 100 Coal-fired power plant Coke plant
2 00 Million Short Tons

1 50

1 00

50

0 1 89 0 1 90 0 191 0 192 0 19 30 19 40 19 50 19 60 19 70 19 80 1 990

Total Area of State: 24,181 square miles Area Underlain by Coal: 16,800 square miles

First Year of Documented Coal Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1863 (444,648 short tons) Peak Year of Coal Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1947 (176,157,000 short tons)

Coal Reserves (Million Short Tons)
Type of Reserve Demonstrated Reserve Base: (January 1, 1992) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Estimated Recoverable Reserves: (January 1, 1992) Sulfur Content (pounds per million Btu) < 0.61 (low sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.61-1.67 (medium sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . > 1.67 (high sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Estimated Recoverable Reserves at Active Mines, Year-End 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Underground Surface Total

32,049

4,738

36,787

5,708 5,880 5,517 17,105 1,643

1,647 1,052 293 2,992 400

7,355 6,931 5,810 20,097 2,043

Production
Salient Data by Mine Type Underground Quantity (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Surface Quantity (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

96,409 539 45,904 1.13 36.46

103,753 502 31,106 1.85 34.31

123,306 491 23,584 2.70 29.75

119,821 434 22,512 2.83 29.63

115,212 403 20,738 2.99 29.14

25,175 223 7,499 1.67 28.72

24,011 295 5,552 2.54 29.78

45,898 280 5,994 4.02 25.55

47,530 231 5,798 4.18 26.08

46,952 201 5,279 4.27 25.72

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West Virginia
Quantity (thousand short tons) Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121,584 762 53,403 1.21 34.88 127,764 797 36,658 1.95 33.47 169,205 771 29,578 2.96 28.62 167,352 665 28,310 3.11 28.62 162,164 604 26,017 3.27 28.15

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Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

West Virginia
Number of Mines by Production Range and Percent of Production, 1992
Production Range (thousand short tons) Mine Type 1,000 and over Number Underground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . All Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 13 41 Percent 48 50 49 500 to 999 Number 23 13 36 Percent 13 22 16 100 to 499 Number 152 38 190 Percent 31 21 28 Number 200 137 337 < 100 Percent 8 7 7

Coal Demand
Disposition Consumption (thousand short tons) Electric Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Coke Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residential and Commercial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Year-End Utility Stocks (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Electricity Generation Total (million kilowatthours) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Coal (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nuclear (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

28,499 W 2,223 W 34,673

31,367 W 2,086 W 34,907

29,873 W 2,918 W 34,896

27,557 W 2,310 W 31,843

28,050 W 2,266 W 32,019

7,903

5,453

6,874

7,707

7,863

70,798 99 0 1

79,536 99 0 1

77,364 99 0 1

71,254 99 0 1

72,334 99 0 1

Utility Coal Data, 1992
Average Quality and Average Delivered Cost Heat Content (million Btu per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sulfur Content (percent by weight) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ash Content (percent by weight) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pounds of Sulfur per million Btu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dollars per million Btu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dollars per short ton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Produced in State 25.04 1.60 10.57 1.28 1.57 39.33 Receipts, All Sources 25.05 2.05 11.32 1.64 1.47 36.88

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107

West Virginia
Estimated Total State Energy Consumption, 1991: 783 trillion Btu (coal, 800; natural gas, 119; petroleum, 293; nuclear electric power, 0; hydroelectric power, 11; other, 0; net interstate flow of electricity and associated losses, -439).

W = Withheld to avoid disclosure of individual company data. Notes: Totals may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Data coverage—Production: all mines. Number of mines: 1980, mines that produced 10,000 short tons or more; other years, all mines. Number of miners and productivity: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons and preparation plants that had 5,000 or more employee hours. Average mine price: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons. Average quality and average delivered cost of utility coal: power plants with a generator nameplate capacity of 50 megawatts or more. Extent of coal-bearing areas and locations of coalconsuming plants shown on map are approximate; small coal deposits are not shown. Coal-producing counties shown on map exclude any county where all 1992 output was from mines producing less than 10,000 short tons. Sources: Energy Information Administration—U.S. Coal Reserves: An Update by Heat and Sulfur Content, February 1993; Coal Production 1992 and prior issues; Coal Data: A Reference; Quarterly Coal Report October-December 1992 and prior issues; Electric Power Annual 1991 and prior issues; Electric Power Monthly, March 1993; Cost and Quality of Fuels for Electric Power Plants 1992; Inventory of Power Plants in the United States 1992; State Energy Data Report 1991: Consumption Estimates; Map of coal-bearing areas is based mainly on U.S. Geological Survey map, Coalfields of the United States, 1960. Data for historical graph 1890-1975, U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey and Bureau of Mines (Minerals Yearbook and annual predecessor Mineral Resources of the United States); 1976 forward, Energy Information Administration, Coal Production 1992 and prior issues.

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Destination of Coal Produced in West Virginia, 1992 (Million Short Tons)
NH 0.5 MN
ME

CA

* *
IA KS

WI 0.8

MI 6 .2

NY 3.8
PA

*
NJ 1.5

MA 3.4

CT

*

OH IL IN 1 7.8 WV VA 1.5 5.0 MO KY 26.6 3.6

13.7

*

* *

0.2

3.8

OK

TN 1.1 MS AL 2.4 GA 2.5

NC 8.0 SC 0.1

DE 1.5 MD 5.8

*

FL 1.5

*

Quantity is less than 0.1 million short tons.

Domestic 112.9 Exports 50.8 Total 163.7

Transportation modes, domestic markets (percent): rail, 53; water, 36; truck, 5; tramway/conveyor, 5; unknown, 2. Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”

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109

Origin of Coal Received in West Virginia, 1992 (Million Short Tons)

OH 1 .4 WV VA KY 26.6 0 .7 0 .7

PA 1.4

MD 2.0

*

Quantity is less than 0.1 million short tons.

Total

32.9

Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”
110 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

State Coal Profile: Wyoming
Wyoming has been the Nation's leading coal producer since 1988 and the fastest growing coal-producing State over the past two decades. The dramatic rise in the State's coal output reflects the steadily increasing demand for its low-sulfur coal. Vast amounts of this coal underlie sparsely populated areas in thick, flat-lying beds that can be mined by large-scale surface methods. Coal is Wyoming's second most valuable commodity after crude oil. The value of coal output in 1992 was estimated to account for more than one-fourth of the value of all mineral production in the State. Federal coal leases generated $145 million in royalties that were disbursed to the State and the Federal Government. Coal occurs in Wyoming in 10 major coal-bearing regions that underlie about half of the State. Most of these are geologic depressions with relatively flat-lying beds. Although coal rank ranges from lignite to bituminous, subbituminous coal predominates. The Powder River Basin is the center of the State's coal industry. Production is chiefly from the Wyodak coalbed, which accounts for more than 80 percent of the State's total. The Wyodak, the thickest U.S. coalbed, averages about 70 feet in thickness and exceeds 100 feet in places. It has been the Nation's leading source of coal for about a decade. Virtually all of the coal produced is used to generate electricity. Some high-quality Wyoming bituminous coal from other areas can be converted into metallurgical coke; a very small amount was produced in 1992. Commercial mining began in Wyoming in 1867 along the Union Pacific Railroad's route in the southern part of the State. Extensive coal deposits provided fuel for locomotives on the transcontinental railroad, completed in 1869. Conversely, coal-hauling was a major source of revenue for the railroad. Other early industrial coal consumers in Wyoming included coke plants and a coalgas plant. Coal was also shipped to other States. Wyoming's annual coal output rose to more than 9 million short tons during World War I, but then declined due to competition from oil discovered in the State and the economic depression. World War II spurred production to
Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 107

nearly 10 million short tons in 1945. Coal output then trended downward, falling

below 2 million short tons in 1958, the lowest point since 1889. Many mines along the railroad closed as dieselelectric locomotives replaced coal-fired steam locomotives. Wyoming's coal industry remained depressed until the early 1970's, when electric utilities turned to the State's low-sulfur coal to meet new air-quality standards. Further interest in Wyoming coal was stimulated when the Arab oil embargo of 1973 brought sharp rises in oil prices and made coal the most economical fuel for power plants. The State's thick beds of low-sulfur coal provided a base for a vigorous new coal industry. As large surface mines were opened, the railroads upgraded existing lines and laid new track to support the heavy traffic of unit coal trains. The resulting coal-mining boom drove production to record-breaking levels. From 95 million short tons in 1980, coal production doubled to more than 190 million short tons in 1991 and 1992. Although underground mines produced most of Wyoming's coal before World War II, surface mines now predominate. Wyoming is notable for its many large surface mines in Campbell County in the Powder River Basin. In 1992, the State claimed 7 of the 10 largest U.S. coal mines. Ranking first was the exceptionally large Black Thunder mine of Thunder Basin Coal Company (a subsidiary of ARCO Coal Company), which produced about 29 million short tons. Also in Wyoming is the largest and deepest U.S. open-pit coal mine (1 mile long and over 900 feet deep), the Kemmerer mine of Pittsburg & Midway Coal Mining Company in Lincoln County. More than 90 percent of Wyoming coal production in 1992 was from Federal leases. Most of Wyoming's coal is shipped to utilities out of State, and a small amount is exported. Virtually all of the 27 million short tons of coal consumed in Wyoming in 1992 was utility coal produced in the State. Wyoming's largest coal-burning utility is the 2,080-megawatt Jim Bridger plant of PacifiCorp, in Sweetwater County. A small amount of coal was consumed in manufacturing such products as sodium carbonate (soda ash) from trona, bentonite, cement, and in processing sugar beets. Some coal was also converted into chemical (synthetic) coke and used for processing phosphate rock in Idaho.

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Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Wyoming
Coal Production, 1890-1992

Million Short Tons 2 50

2 00

1 50

1 00

50

0 1 89 0 1 90 0 191 0 192 0 19 30 19 40 19 50 19 60 19 70 19 80 1 990
Coal-bearing area Coal-producing county Coal-fired power plant 0 50 Miles 100

Total Area of State: 97,914 square miles Area Underlain by Coal: 40,055 square miles

First Year of Documented Coal Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1865 (800 short tons) Peak Year of Coal Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1991 (193,854,000 short tons)

Coal Reserves (Million Short Tons)
Type of Reserve Demonstrated Reserve Base: (January 1, 1992) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Estimated Recoverable Reserves: (January 1, 1992) Sulfur Content (pounds per million Btu) < 0.61 (low sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.61-1.67 (medium sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . > 1.67 (high sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Estimated Recoverable Reserves at Active Mines, Year-End 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Underground Surface Total

42,540

26,758

69,298

11,119 11,179 674 22,972 W

13,714 6,635 2,776 23,125 W

24,833 17,814 3,449 46,096 6,751

Production
Salient Data by Mine Type Underground Quantity (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Surface Quantity (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

1,633 3 465 1.02 W

1,058 1 270 1.90 W

1,722 4 255 2.80 W

2,418 4 258 4.17 W

2,511 4 268 4.19 W

93,254 22 4,334 9.75 W

139,656 29 4,174 15.09 W

182,527 29 3,075 22.84 W

191,437 27 3,043 23.11 W

187,661 26 3,058 22.76 W

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

109

Wyoming
Quantity (thousand short tons) Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94,887 25 4,779 8.99 10.54 140,714 30 4,444 14.34 11.36 184,249 33 3,330 21.41 8.43 193,854 31 3,301 21.87 8.09 190,172 30 3,326 21.50 8.14

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Wyoming
Number of Mines by Production Range and Percent of Production, 1992
Production Range (thousand short tons) Mine Type 1,000 and over Number Underground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . All Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <1 19 20 Percent 75 99 99 500 to 999 Number 0 1 1 Percent 0 <1 <1 100 to 499 Number 2 1 3 Percent 25 <1 <1 Number 1 5 6 < 100 Percent <1 <1 <1

Coal Demand
Disposition Consumption (thousand short tons) Electric Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Coke Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residential and Commercial . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Year-End Utility Stocks (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Electricity Generation Total (million kilowatthours) . . . . . . . . . . . Coal (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nuclear (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

13,499 0 W W 15,209

21,173 0 W W 23,155

23,526 0 1,857 130 25,514

23,115 0 1,896 138 25,150

25,114 0 1,861 99 27,074

1,813

4,022

3,215

2,767

2,153

22,351 95 0 5

35,661 97 0 3

39,378 98 0 2

38,667 98 0 2

41,852 98 0 2

Utility Coal Data, 1992
Average Quality and Average Delivered Cost Heat Content (million Btu per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sulfur Content (percent by weight) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ash Content (percent by weight) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pounds of Sulfur per million Btu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dollars per million Btu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dollars per short ton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Produced in State 17.36 .38 5.48 .44 1.27 22.10 Receipts, All Sources 17.68 .52 7.54 .59 .76 13.42

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111

Wyoming
Estimated Total State Energy Consumption, 1991: 391 trillion Btu (coal, 450; natural gas, 103; petroleum, 116; nuclear electric power, 0; hydroelectric power, 8; other, 0; net interstate flow of electricity and associated losses, -286).

W = Withheld to avoid disclosure of individual company data. Notes: Totals may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Data coverage—Production: all mines. Number of mines: 1980, mines that produced 10,000 short tons or more; other years, all mines. Number of miners and productivity: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons and preparation plants that had 5,000 or more employee hours. Average mine price: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons. Average quality and average delivered cost of utility coal: power plants with a generator nameplate capacity of 50 megawatts or more. Extent of coal-bearing areas and locations of coalconsuming plants shown on map are approximate; small coal deposits are not shown. Coal-producing counties shown on map exclude any county where all 1992 output was from mines producing less than 10,000 short tons. Sources: Energy Information Administration—U.S. Coal Reserves: An Update by Heat and Sulfur Content, February 1993; Coal Production 1992 and prior issues; Coal Data: A Reference; Quarterly Coal Report October-December 1992 and prior issues; Electric Power Annual 1991 and prior issues; Electric Power Monthly, March 1993; Cost and Quality of Fuels for Electric Power Plants 1992; Inventory of Power Plants in the United States 1992; State Energy Data Report 1991: Consumption Estimates; Map of coal-bearing areas is based mainly on U.S. Geological Survey map, Coalfields of the United States, 1960. Data for historical graph 1890-1975, U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey and Bureau of Mines (Minerals Yearbook and annual predecessor Mineral Resources of the United States); 1976 forward, Energy Information Administration, Coal Production 1992 and prior issues.

112

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Destination of Coal Produced in Wyoming, 1992 (Million Short Tons)
WA

OR 0.1

*
ID 0.4 NV 0.8 UT 0.6

MT

*
WY 26.4 CO 5.0

ND SD 0.5 NE 7.9 KS 13.5 OK 16.7 TX 34.0

*

MN 8.4
IA 14.1

WI 11.6

MI 2.9

OH IL IN 0.1 4.4 11.8 MO KY 8.0 AR 11.6
LA 10.0

PA

*

TN MS

* *

*

FL

* *
Quantity is less than 0.1 million short tons.

Domestic 189.0 Exports 1.3 Total 190.3

Transportation modes, domestic markets (percent): rail, 86; water, 7; truck, 2; tramway/conveyor, 5; unknown, < 1. Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

113

Origin of Coal Received in Wyoming, 1992 (Million Short Tons)

MT

*
WY 26.4 UT PA

*

* *

CO

*

Quantity is less than 0.1 million short tons.

Total

26.5

Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”
114 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

United States

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

111

References

References
Alexander, Thomas G. “From Dearth to Deluge: Utah's Coal Industry.” Utah Historical Quarterly, Volume 31, No. 3 (Summer 1963), 235-247. Anderson, Wayne I. Geology of Iowa. (Ames, IA: The Iowa State University Press, 1983.) Appalachian Energy Associates, for Tennessee Department of Economic and Community Development, Energy Division. The Coal Industry in Tennessee, An Information and Marketing Guide. (Signal Mountain, TN, 1991). Arizona Bureau of Mines. “Mineral and Water Resources of Arizona.” Bulletin 180. (Tucson, AZ, 1969.) Central Louisiana Electric Company, Inc., and Southwestern Electric Power Company. Dolet Hills. (Pineville, LA, no date.) Colorado Mining Association, Coal Committee. Colorado and Mining, Coal 1992. (Denver, CO, 1993.) Dakota Gasification Company. Great Plains Synfuels Plant. (Beulah, ND, no date.) Destec Energy, Inc. The Dow Syngas Project. (Houston, TX, 1990.) Eavenson, Howard N. The First Century and a Quarter of American Coal Industry. (Baltimore, MD: Waverly Press, Inc., 1942.) Energy Information Administration. Coal Distribution January-December 1991. DOE/EIA-0125(91/4Q). (Washington, DC, April 1992) and prior issues. Energy Information Administration. Coal Production 1992. EIA-0118(93). (Washington, DC, October 1993) and prior issues. Energy Information Administration. Cost and Quality of Fuels for Electric Utility Plants 1992. DOE/EIA-0191(92). (Washington, DC, August 1993.) Energy Information Administration. Electric Power Annual 1991. DOE/EIA-0348(91). (Washington, DC, February 1993) and prior issues. Energy Information Administration. Electric Power Monthly March 1993. DOE/EIA-0226(93/03). (Washington, DC, March 1993.) Energy Information Administration. Form EIA-3, “Quarterly Coal Consumption Report--Manufacturing Plants.” Energy Information Administration. Form EIA-5, “Coke Plant Report.” Energy Information Administration. Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.” Energy Information Administration. Form EIA-7A, “Coal Production Report.” Energy Information Administration. Inventory of Power Plants in the United States 1992. DOE/EIA-0095(92). (Washington, DC, October 1993.) Energy Information Administration. Quarterly Coal Report October-December 1992. DOE/EIA-0121(92/4Q). (Washington, DC, May 1993) and prior issues. Energy Information Administration. State Energy Data Report 1991, Consumption Estimates. DOE/EIA-0214(91). (Washington, DC, May 1993.) Energy Information Administration. U.S. Coal Reserves: An Update by Heat and Sulfur Content DOE/EIA-0529(92). (Washington, DC, February 1993.)

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117

Energy Information Administration. “Wyoming Coal: An Overview.” Coal Production 1991. DOE/EIA-0118(91). (Washington, DC, October 1992.) Geological Survey of Alabama. Alabama Coal Data for 1992. (Tuscaloosa, AL, 1992.) Geological Survey of Alabama. “Energy Atlas of Alabama.” Atlas 22. (Tuscaloosa, AL, 1990.) Geological Survey of Wyoming. “Coal Update.” Wyoming Geo-notes, No. 38 (May 1993) and prior issues.

118

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Governor's Office for Coal and Energy Policy, and the Kentucky Coal Association. 1991-1992 Pocket Guide, Kentucky Coal Facts. (Lexington, KY, 1991.) “History of Coal in California.” (September 1976.) California Geology.

Maryland Department of Geology, Mines and Water Resources. “Geography and Geology of Maryland.” Bulletin 19. (Baltimore, MD, 1961.) Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geology and Land Survey. Missouri Coal Commission Second Interim Report. (Jefferson City, MO, 1992.) Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geology and Land Survey. Missouri Coal. (Rolla, MO, no date.) Montana Coal Council. Montana Coal 1992. (Helena, MT, 1992.) Montana Mining and Mineral Resources Research Institute, Montana College of Mineral Science and Technology. “Proceedings Montana Coal Forum.” Special Publication 93. (Butte, MT, 1985.) New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources. “Mineral and Water Resources of New Mexico.” Bulletin 87. (Socorro, NM, 1965.) New Mexico Energy, Minerals and Natural Resources Department. 1992 Annual Resources Report. (Santa Fe, NM, 1992.) Ohio Department of Development, Ohio Coal Development Office. Ohio Coal Development Agenda. (Columbus, OH, 1992.) Oklahoma Geological Survey. “Investigation of the Coal Reserves in the Ozarks Section of Oklahoma and Their Potential Uses, Final Report of the Ozarks Regional Commission.” Special Publication 74-2. (Norman, OK, 1974.) PacifiCorp Electric Operations. Centralia Steam Electric Project. (Centralia, WA, 1985.) PacifiCorp Electric Operations. The Centralia Coal Mine. (Centralia, WA, 1991.) Peabody Western. A Quarter Century on Black Mesa. (Kayenta, AZ, 1992.) Pennsylvania Coal Association. Pennsylvania Coal Data 1992. (Harrisburg, PA, 1992.)

Horton, Aaron Thomas, and Meredith A. Bloom. “1993 Prep Plant Census.” Coal, Volume 98, No. 9. (September 1993), pp. 48-55. Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources, Office of Coal Development and Marketing. Outlook for the Illinois Coal Industry, Report of the Illinois Coal Development Board. (Springfield, IL, 1993.) Indiana Coal Council. Indiana Coal Facts 1992-93. (Indianapolis, IN, 1993.) Iowa Geological Survey. “Element Geochemistry of Cherokee Group Coals (Middle Pennsylvanian) from South-Central and Southeastern Iowa.” Technical Paper No. 5. (Iowa City, IA, 1984.) Kansas Coal Commission. Kansas Coal Utilization Study. (Topeka, KS, 1988.) Kentucky Geological Survey. “Kentucky Coal Production 1790-1988.” Information Circular 32, Series XI. (Lexington, KY, 1990.) Keystone Coal Industry Manual 1992 and prior issues. (Chicago, IL: Maclean Hunter Publishing Company, 1992.) Lignite Energy Council. Lignite Energy Facts 1992-1993. (Bismark, ND, 1993.) Louisiana Department of Natural Resources, Technology Assessment Division. Coal and Lignite in Louisiana. (Baton Rouge, LA, 1993.) Louisiana Geological Survey. “Louisiana Lignite.” Geological Pamphlet No. 3. (Baton Rouge, LA, 1942.) Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs. Public Policies Affecting Lignite Development in Texas. (Austin, TX, 1977.) Maryland Bureau of Mines. Calendar Year 1992, Seventieth Annual Report. (Frostburg, MD, 1993.)

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119

Pennsylvania Energy Office. The Pennsylvania Energy Profile 1960-1990. (Harrisburg, PA, 1992.) Sanders, R. B. “Coal Resources of Alaska.” Geographic, Volume 9, No. 4 (1982). Alaska

U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey. Coal Map of North America. (Denver, CO, 1988.) U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey. “Mineral and Water Resources of Washington.” Com-

Tennessee Department of Conservation and Commerce, Division of Geology. “The Coal Industry of Tennessee.” Information Circular No. 10. (Nashville, TN, 1960.) Tennessee Eastman Company. Eastman Chemicals from Coal. (Kingsport, TN, no date.) The Pennsylvania Academy of Science. Pennsylvania Coal: Resources, Technology, and Utilization. (Easton, PA, 1983.) The Texas Utilities System. Lignite: Texas Energy for Texans. (Dallas, TX, no date.) The University of Texas, Bureau of Economic Geology. “Lignites of the Texas Gulf Coastal Plain.” Report of Investigations No. 50. (Austin, TX, 1963.) Usibelli Coal Mine, Inc. (Alaska). UCM Usibelli Coal Miner, Volume 12 (September 1992.) Usibelli Coal Mine, Inc. (Alaska). Data Sheet. (Healy, AK, 1993.) 1993 U.S. Coal Export Manual. (Washington, DC: Fieldston Publications, Inc., 1993.) U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines. “American Lignites: Geological Occurrence, Petrographic Composition, and Extractable Waxes.” Bulletin 482. (Washington, DC, 1950.) U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines. Minerals Yearbook (various issues and predecessor reports.) (Washington, DC.) U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines. State Mineral Summaries 1993. (Washington, DC, 1993.) U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey. “1992 Annual Report on Alaska's Mineral Resources.” Circular 1091. (Denver, CO, 1992.) U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey. Coal Fields of the United States (map). (Washington, DC, 1960.)

120

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mittee Print, 89th Congress, 2d Session. (Washington, DC, 1966.) U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey. “Mineral and Water Resources of Utah.” Committee Print, 88th Congress, 2d Session. (Washington, DC, 1964.) U.S. Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Service. Mineral Revenues 1992, Report on Receipts from Federal and Indian Leases. (Denver, CO, 1993.) U.S. Department of Transportation, Maritime Administration. Existing and Potential U.S. Coal Loading Terminals. (Washington, DC, 1992.) Virginia Department of Mines, Minerals, and Energy. Virginia Energy Patterns and Trends. Virginia Energy Profiles: 1960 to 1990. (Richmond, VA, 1991.) Virginia Division of Mineral Resources. “Mining History of the Richmond Coalfield of Virginia.” Publication 85. (Charlottesville, VA, 1988.) Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia Center for Coal and Energy Research. 1993 Virginia Coal. (Blacksburg, VA, 1993.) Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia Center for Coal and Energy Research. Virginia Coal--An Abridged History. (Blacksburg, VA, 1990.) Washington Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geology and Earth Resources. “Coal Activity in Washington--1992.” Washington Geology, Volume 21, No. 1 (March 1993), 31-32. West Virginia Coal Association. Coal (Charleston, WV, 1992.) Facts '92.

West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey. “Coal and Coal Mining in West Virginia.” Coal-Geology Bulletin No. 2. (Morgantown, WV, 1974.) Williamson, David Ray. “Lignite of Northwest Louisiana and the Dolet Hills Lignite Mine.” Gulf Coast Lignite Geology. (Reston, VA: Environmental and Coal Associates, 1987.)

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

121

Appendix A

National Rankings of Coal Producing States and Percent of U.S. Total, 1992

National Rankings of Coal-Producing States and Percent of U.S. Total, 1992
Production Demonstrate d Reserve Basea % % Alabama . . . . . . . . . 15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 5.9 Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . 12 ................ 9 <1 Arizona . . . . . . . . . . 26 ................. -Arkansas . . . . . . . . 25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 < 1 California . . . . . . . . ................. -Colorado . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 < 1 Illinois . . . . . . . . . . . 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1.2 Indiana . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 < 1 Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 ................. -Kansas . . . . . . . . . . 21 ................. -Kentucky . . . . . . . . . 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 13.8 Louisiana . . . . . . . . 24 ................. -Maryland . . . . . . . . . 23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 < 1 Missouri . . . . . . . . . 14 ................. -Montana . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 < 1 New Mexico . . . . . . 16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 < 1 North Dakota . . . . . 11 ................. -Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18d < 1 Oklahoma . . . . . . . . 19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 < 1 1.0 1.3 <1 <1
e

State

Estimated Recoverable Reservesa %

Quantity %

Value

Estimate d Energy Content %

Number of Mines %

Number of Miners %

Average Productivit y %

Coal Consumption
b

Coal-Fired Electricity Generationc %

Coal Exports %

14 15 26 25

1.2 1.0 <1 <1
e

12 23 16 27 26

2.6 <1 1.3 <1 <1

7 23 15 26 27

5.0 <1 1.2 <1 <1

11 23 16 26 27

2.9 <1 1.3 <1 <1

6 20d 20d 17 21

3.2 <1 <1 <1 <1

6 22 14 26 27

4.9 <1 <1 <1 <1

21 7 9 26 5

9 46 19 29 38

3.5 <1 2.0 1.4 <1

9 44 16 30 0

3.9 <1 2.2 1.3 0

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

--

--

3.6 16.4 2.1 <1 <1

9 3 11 18 21

3.8 11.4 1.7 <1 <1

15 5 10 25 24

1.9 6.0 3.1 <1 <1

13 4 9 25 24

2.0 7.9 3.4 <1 <1

14 5 10 25 24

1.9 6.3 3.2 <1 <1

12 9 7 20d 20d

<1 1.6 1.9 <1 <1

13 5 8 23 24

1.5 7.6 3.3 <1 <1

11 14 13 27 23

22 7 2 18 25

1.9 3.6 6.6 2.0 1.6

19 13 4 24 29

1.9 3.2 6.1 1.6 1.4

6.1 <1 <1 1.3 25.2

5 24 23 12 1

5.4 <1 <1 1.5 28.5

3 20 19 21 8

16.1 <1 <1 <1 3.9

2 21 20 18 14

18.8 <1 <1 <1 1.9

2 21 18 20 8

18.4 <1 <1 <1 3.2

1 20d 11 18 15d

27.4 <1 <1 <1 <1

2 25 19 21 17

22.3 <1 <1 <1 <1

16 4 19 17 2

5 26 32 14 31

3.9 1.5 1.1 2.8 1.2

5 31 26 14 32

4.7 1.3 1.5 3.0 1.1

<1 2.0 5.0 <1

16 10 7 19

<1 2.8 4.5 <1

13 9 11 22

2.6 3.2 3.0 <1

11 16 8 22

2.7 1.1 3.9 <1

13 15 7 22

2.1 1.9 3.4 <1

16 15d 5 13

<1 <1 5.4 <1

12 16 7 20

1.5 <1 4.1 <1

8 3 18 25

24 10 3 20

1.7 3.4 6.6 2.0

22 21 1 20

1.6 1.7 7.7 1.8

125

Appendix B

State Agencies and Other Organizations Concerned wtih Coal and Energy

Appendix B

State Agencies and Other Organizations Concerned with Coal and Energy
ALABAMA Alabama Coal Association, Vestavia Commerce Centre, 2090 Columbiana Road, Suite 2500, Birmingham, AL 35216; (205) 822-0384. Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, State Lands Division, 64 North Union St., Montgomery, AL 36130-1901; (205) 242-3484. Alabama Department of Economic and Community Affairs, Division of Science, Technology and Energy, P.O. Box 5690, Montgomery, Al 36103-5690; (205) 242-5100. Alabama Department of Industrial Relations, Abandoned Mines Reclamation Commission, 11 West Oxmore, Suite 100, Birmingham, AL 35209; (205) 945-8671. Alabama Department of Industrial Relations, Division of Safety and Inspection, P.O. Box 10444, Birmingham, AL 35202; (205) 254-1275. Alabama Development Office, Alabama Center for Commerce, 401 Adams Avenue, Montgomery, AL 36130; (205) 2420400. Alabama Energy Office, Department of Economics and Community Affairs, Science Technology and Energy Division, P. O. Box 5690, Montgomery, AL 36103-5690; (205) 223-7008. Alabama Surface Mining Commission, P.O. Box 2390, Jasper, AL 35502-2390; (205) 221-4130. Coalbed Methane Association of Alabama, 1855 Data Drive, Suite 160, Birmingham, AL 35244; (205) 733-8087. Geological Survey of Alabama, 420 Hackberry Lane, Box O, Tuscaloosa, AL 35486-9780; (205) 349-2852. The University of Alabama, Mineral Resources Institute, Box 870204, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0204; (205) 348-2044. The University of Alabama, School of Mines and Energy Development, Box 870164, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0164; (205) 3484520.

ALASKA Alaska Coal Association, 122 First Ave., Suite 302, Fairbanks, AK 99701; (907) 452-2625.
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Alaska Department of Commerce and Economic Development, Division of Energy and Power Development, State Office Building, P.O. Box 110804, Juneau, AK 99811-0804; (907) 465-2017. Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation, 410 Willoughby Avenue, Suite 105, Juneau, AK 99811-1795; (907) 465-5280. Alaska Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys, 794 University Avenue, Suite 200, Fairbanks, AK 99709-3645; (907) 474-7147. Alaska Department of Natural Resources, Division of Mining, Box 107016, Anchorage, AK 99510-7016; (907) 762-2165. Alaska Energy Office, Rural Development Division, Energy Programs, 333 W. 4th Avenue, Suite 220, Anchorage, AK 99501-2341; (907) 269-4500. Alaska Miners Association, 501 W. Northern Lights Blvd., Suite 203, Anchorage, AK 99503-2565; (907) 276-0347. Coal Operators and Alaska Leaseholders, P. O. Box 1000, Healy, AK 99743; (907) 683-2226.

ARIZONA Arizona Department of Environmental Quality, 1502 West Washington, Phoenix, AZ 85007; (602) 257-2300. Arizona Department of Mines and Resources, Mineral Building, State Fairgrounds, 1502 West Washington, Phoenix, AZ 85007; (602) 255-3791. Arizona Energy Office of the Department of Commerce, 3800 North Central Avenue, Suite 1200, Phoenix, AZ 85012; (602) 280-1402. Arizona Geological Survey, 845 North Park Avenue, Suite 100, Tucson, AZ 85719; (602) 882-4795. Arizona State Land Department, 1616 West Adams, Phoenix, AZ 85007; (602) 542-4628. Arizona State Mine Inspector, 1700 West Washington, Suite 400, Phoenix, AZ 85007; (602) 542-5971. Salt River Project, P.O. Box 52025, Phoenix, AZ 85072-2025; (602) 236-5900.

ARKANSAS Arkansas Department of Labor, State Mine Inspection Division, 616 Garrison, Suite 205, Forth Smith, AR 72901; (501) 7832103. Arkansas Department of Pollution Control and Ecology, Mining Division, 8001 National Drive, Little Rock, AR 72209; (501) 562-7444. Arkansas Energy Office, No. 1 State Capitol Mall, Suite 4B215, Little Rock, AR 72201; (501) 682-7315. Arkansas Geological Commission, 3815 West Roosevelt Road, Little Rock, AR 72204; (501) 663-9714.

130

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

CALIFORNIA California Department of Conservation, State Mining and Geology Board, 801 K Street, MS09-05, Sacramento, CA 95814; (916) 322-1082. California Division of Mines and Geology, 801 K Street, MS12-30, Sacramento, CA 95814; (916) 445-1923. California Energy Commission, 1516 9th St., Sacramento, CA 95814; (916) 654-4287. California Occupational Safety and Health, Mining and Tunneling, 1209 Woodrow Ave., Suite C4, Modesto, CA 95350; (209) 576-6241.

COLORADO Colorado Department of Natural Resources, Colorado Geological Survey, 1313 Sherman Street, Rm. 715, Denver, CO; 80203-2273; (303) 866-2611. Colorado Department of Natural Resources, Division of Minerals and Geology, 1313 Sherman St., Rm. 215, Denver, CO 80203-2273; (303) 866-3401. Colorado Department of Natural Resources, Office of Active and Inactive Mines, 1313 Sherman Street, Rm. 215, Denver, CO 80203-2273; (303) 826-3567. Colorado Mining Association, 1340 Colorado State Bank Building, 1600 Broadway, Denver, CO 80202; (303) 894-0536. Colorado Office of Energy Conservation, 1675 Broadway, Suite 1300, Denver, CO 80202-4613; (303) 620-4292. Energy Minerals Field Institute, Colorado School of Mines, EMFI Department, Golden, CO 80401; (303) 273-3900. Northwest Colorado Energy Producers, P.O. Box 68, Craig, CO 81626; (303) 824-8246. Rocky Mountain Coal Mining Institute, 3000 Youngfield St., Suite 324, Lakewood, CO 80215; (303) 238-9099. Western Coal Transportation Association, 5555 DTC Parkway, Greenwood Village, CO 80111; (303) 694-6611.

ILLINOIS Coal Producers Association of Illinois, 401-3 Harrisburg National Bank Building, Harrisburg, IL 62946; (618) 252-8321. Illinois Coal Association, 212 South Second St., Springfield, IL 62701; (217) 528-2092. Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources, Office of Coal Development and Marketing, 325 West Adams St., Rm. 300, Springfield, IL 62704; (217) 785-2800. Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources, State Geological Survey, Natural Resources Building, 615 East Peabody Drive, Champaign, IL 61820; (217) 333-5111. Illinois Department of Mines and Minerals, 300 West Jefferson St., Suite 300, Springfield, IL 62719-0137; (618) 439-9111.

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Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 2200 Churchill Road, Springfield, IL 62706; (217) 782-3397. Progressive Mine Workers of America, Rt. 34, P.O. Box 640, Harrisburg, IL 62946; (618) 252-5321.

INDIANA Indiana Bureau of Mines and Mining, 6 Northeast 21st St., Washington, IN 47501; (812) 254-1040. Indiana Coal Association, 5349 Washington Blvd., Indianapolis, IN 46220; (317) 257-1993. Indiana Coal Council, Inc., 143 W. Market St., Indianapolis, IN 46204; (317) 638-6997. Indiana Department of Commerce, Office of Energy Policy Division, 1 North Capitol, Indianapolis, IN 46204-2288; (317) 232-8940. Indiana Department of Environmental Management, 100 North Centate, P.O. Box 6015, Indianapolis, IN 46206-6015; (317) 232-8162. Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Division of Reclamation, 402 West Washington St., W2-95, Indianapolis, IN 46204; (317) 232-1547. Indiana Geological Survey, 611 North Walnut Grove Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405; (812) 855-9350.

IOWA Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship, Division of Soil Conservation, Wallace State Office Building, Des Moines, IA 50319; (515) 281-6147. Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Energy and Geological Resources Division, Geological Survey Bureau, 109 Trowbridge Hall, Iowa City, IA 52242; (319) 335-1575. Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Energy and Geological Resources Division, Wallace State Office Building, Des Moines, IA 50319; (515) 281-6682. Iowa State University, Iowa State Mining and Mineral Resources Research Institute, 280 Metals Development Building, Ames, IA 50011; (515) 294-3758.

KANSAS Kansas Corporation Commission, Energy Division, 1500 S.W. Arrowhead Road, Topeka, KS 66604; (913) 271-3170. Kansas Department of Health and Environment, Mining Section, Box 1418, Pittsburg, KS 66762; (316) 231-8540. Kansas Geological Survey, 1930 Constant Avenue, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047; (913) 864-3965. Technology Enterprise Corporation of Kansas, 112 West 6th Street, Suite 400, Topeka, KS 66603; (913) 296-5272.

132

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

KENTUCKY Governor's Office for Coal and Energy Policy, 3572 Iron Works Pike, Box 11888, Lexington, KY 40578-1916; (606) 252-5535. Harlan County Coal Operators Association, P.O. Box 230, Harlan, KY 40831; (606) 573-2656. Institute for Mining and Minerals Research, 233 Mining and Mineral Resources Building, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0107; (606) 257-8636. Kentucky Coal Association, 340 South Broadway, Lexington, KY 40508; (606) 233-4743. Kentucky Coal Marketing and Export Council, Division of Energy, 2100 Capital Plaza Tower, 500 Mero Street, Frankfort, KY 40601; (502) 564-7140. Kentucky Coal Operators & Associates, Inc., 642 North Mayo Trail, P.O. Box 3158, Pikeville, KY 41502; (606) 432-2161. Kentucky Department of Mines and Minerals, 3572 Iron Works Pike, Box 14080, Lexington, KY 40512; (606) 254-0367. Kentucky Department for Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement, 2 Hudson Hollow, Frankfort, KY 40601; (502) 564-6940. Kentucky Environmental Protection Department, Fort Boone Plaza, 18 Reilly Rd., Frankfort, KY 40601; (502) 564-2150. Kentucky Geological Survey, 228 Mining and Mineral Resources Building, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 405060107; (606) 257-5863. Kentucky Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Cabinet, Energy Division, 691 Teton Trail, Frankfort, KY 40601; (502) 564-7192. Kentucky Reclamation Association, 1850 Lantaff Blvd., Madisonville, KY 42431; (502) 821-2760. Kentucky Small Operators Assistance Program, 2 Hudson Hollow, Frankfurt, KY 40601; (502) 564-2356. Kentucky-Tennessee Coal Operators Association, P.O. Box 281, Corbin, KY 40701; (606) 528-9481. Western Kentucky Coal Association, P.O. Box 4148, Frankfurt, KY 40604; (502) 223-1437.

LOUISIANA Louisiana Department of Natural Resources, Energy Office, P.O. Box 94396, Baton Rouge, LA 70804-9396; (504) 342-4534. Louisiana Department of Natural Resources, Geological Survey, Box G, University Station, Baton Rouge, LA 70893; (504) 388-5320. Louisiana Department of Natural Resources, Office of Conservation, Injection and Mining Division, Box 94275, Capital Station, Baton Rouge, LA 70804; (504) 342-5515. Louisiana Department of Natural Resources, Office of Mineral Resources, Geological and Engineering Division, Box 2827, Baton Rouge, LA 70821; (504) 342-4433.

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MARYLAND Maryland Bureau of Mines, 160 South Water St., Frostburg, MD 21532; (301) 689-6104. Maryland Coal Association, 59 E. Main St., Frostburg, MD 21532; (301) 689-6609. Maryland Energy Administration, 45 Calvert St., 4th Floor, Annapolis, MD 21401; (410) 974-3751. Maryland Geological Survey, 2300 St. Paul St., Baltimore, MD 21218; (410) 554-5503.

MISSOURI Mining Industry Council of Missouri, P.O. Box 725, Jefferson City, MO 65102; (314) 635-7308. Missouri Department of Labor and Industrial Relations, Division of Labor Standards, P.O. Box 449, Jefferson City, MO 65102; (314) 751-3403. Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Division of Energy, P.O. Box 176, Jefferson City, MO 65012; (314) 751-4000. Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geology and Land Survey, 111 Fairgrounds Road, P.O. Box 250, Rolla, MO 65401; (314) 368-2100. Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Land Reclamation Commission, 111 Fairgrounds Road, P.O. Box 250, Rolla, MO 65401; (314) 751-4041. Missouri Land Reclamation Commission, P.O. Box 176, Jefferson City, MO 65102; (314) 751-4041. University of Missouri--Rolla, Mining and Mineral Resources Research Institute, 104 Mining Building, Rolla, MO 65401; (314) 341-4153.

MONTANA Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology, Montana College of Mineral Science and Technology, Butte, MT 59701; (406) 4964180. Montana Department of Natural Resources and Conservation, Energy Division, 1520 East Sixth Avenue, Helena, MT 59620-2301; (406) 444-6812. Montana Department of Labor and Industry, Division of Workers Compensation, Safety Bureau, Mining Section, P.O. Box 1728, Helena, MT 59624; (406) 444-6401. Montana Department of State Lands, Capitol Station, 1625 11th Avenue, Helena, MT 59620; (406) 444-2074. Montana Mining Association, 2301 Colonial Drive, Helena, MT 59601; (406) 442-6223.

NEW MEXICO New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources, Campus Station, Socorro, NM 87801; (505) 835-5410.
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New Mexico Department of Energy, Minerals, and Natural Resources, Mining and Minerals Division, 2040 South Pacheco, Santa Fe, NM 87505; (505) 827-5970. New Mexico Department of Energy, Minerals, and Natural Resources, Energy Conservation and Management Division, 2040 South Pacheco, Santa Fe, NM 87505; (505) 827-5900. New Mexico Mining Association, 6020 Academy NE, Suite 201, Albuquerque, NM, 87109; (505) 857-0377.

NORTH DAKOTA North Dakota State Land Development, Energy Impact Officer, 918 East Divide Avenue, Suite 410, P.O. Box 5523, Bismark, ND 58502-5523; (701) 224-3188. Lignite Energy Council, 1016 E. Owens Avenue, P.O. Box 2277, Bismark, ND 58502; (701) 258-7117. North Dakota Geological Survey, 600 East Boulevard, Bismark, ND 58505-0840; (701) 224-4109. North Dakota Mining and Mineral Resources Research Institute, Energy and Environment Research Center, University of North Dakota, Box 9018, University Station, Grand Forks, ND 58202; (701) 777-4574. North Dakota Office of State Tax Commissioner, Utility Tax Auditor, State Tax Department, State Capitol Building, 600 East Building Ave., Bismark, ND 58505; (701) 224-2770. North Dakota Public Service Commission, Reclamation Division, Capitol Building, 12th Floor, Bismark, ND 58505-0480; (701) 224-2400.

OHIO Ohio Coal Development Office, Community Development Division, Office of Energy Efficiency, 77 S. High St., Columbus, OH 43266-0413; (614) 466-6797. Ohio Department of Industrial Relations, Mine Division, 2323 W. 5th Avenue, Box 825, Columbus, OH 43266-0567; (614) 644-2234. Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Geological Survey Division, 4383 Fountain Square Drive, Columbus, OH 432241362; (614) 265-6576. Ohio Mining & Reclamation Association, 50 S. Young St., Columbus, OH 43215; (614) 228-6336. Ohio Valley Coal Operators Association, 209 Lew-Port Building, 100 W. Main St., St. Clairsville, OH 43950; (614) 695-2214.

OKLAHOMA Association of Oklahoma General Contractors, 301 N.E. Expressway, P.O. Box 43152, Oklahoma City, OK 73105; (405) 8435661. Oklahoma Conservation Commission, 2800 North Lincoln, Suite 160, Oklahoma City, OK 73105; (405) 521-2384.

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Oklahoma Department of Commerce, Division of Community Affairs and Development, 6601 Broadway Extension, Oklahoma City, OK 73116; (405) 841-9326. Oklahoma Department of Mines, 4040 N. Lincoln, Oklahoma City, OK 73105; (405) 521-3859. Oklahoma Geological Survey, University of Oklahoma, The Energy Center, 100 East Boyd, Room N131, Norman, OK 73019-0628; (405) 325-3031. University of Oklahoma, Mining & Mineral Resources Research Institute, 100 East Boyd, Norman, OK 73019; (405) 3255811.

PENNSYLVANIA Pennsylvania Coal Association, 212 North Third St., Harrisburg, PA 17101; (717) 233-7900. Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources, Bureau of Deep Mine Safety, Market Street State Office Building, 400 Market Street, P.O. Box 8463, Harrisburg, PA 17105-8463; (717) 783-7515. Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources, Bureau of Mining and Reclamation, P.O. Box 8461, Executive House #209, 2nd and Chestnut St., Harrisburg, PA 17105; (717) 787-5103. Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources, Bureau of Topographic and Geologic Survey, P.O. Box 8453, Evangelical Press Building, Third and Reily Streets, Harrisburg, PA 17105-8453; (717) 787-2169. Pennsylvania Energy Development Authority, 116 Pine St., Harrisburg, PA 17101; (717) 783-9981. Western Pennsylvania Coal Operators Association, Box 123, West Sunbury, PA 16061; (412) 637-2453.

TENNESSEE Kentucky-Tennessee Coal Operators Association, P.O. Box 281, Corbin, KY 40701; (606) 528-9481. State of Tennessee Department of Labor, Division of Mines, P.O. Box 124, Caryville, TN 37714; (615) 562-4914. Tennessee Coal Association, P.O. Box 12248, Knoxville, TN 37912; (615) 688-6080. Tennessee Department of Conservation, Division of Geology, 401 Church Street, 13th Floor, Nashville, TN 37243-0445; (615) 532-1500. Tennessee Department of Economic and Community Development, Energy Division, 320 6th Avenue North, Nashville, TN 37219; (615) 741-2372. Tennessee Department of Health and Environment, Division of Surface Mining, 2700 Middlebrook Pike, Knoxville, TN 37921; (615) 594-6035.

TEXAS
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Bureau of Economic Geology, The University of Texas at Austin, University Station, Box X, Austin, TX 78713-7508; (512) 471-7721. Railroad Commission of Texas, Surface Mining and Reclamation Division, Capitol Station, P.O. Box 12967, Austin, TX 78711; (512) 463-7288. Texas Energy Office, Capitol Station, P.O. Box 13047, Austin, TX 78711; (512) 463-1931. Texas General Land Office, Energy Resources Division, Stephen F. Austin Building, 1700 North Congress Avenue, Austin, TX 78701; (512) 463-5022. Texas Mining & Reclamation Association, 300 Highland Mall Boulevard, Austin, TX 78752; (512) 467-1300.

UTAH Utah Coal Operators Association, c/o Valley Camp of Utah, Inc., Scofield Route, Helper, UT 84526; (801) 448-9420. Utah Division of Oil, Gas and Mining, 3 Triad Center, Suite 350, 355 West North Temple, Salt Lake City, UT 84180-1203; (801) 538-5340. Utah Energy Office, 355 West North Temple, 3 Triad Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84180-1204; (801) 538-5428. Utah Geological and Mineral Survey, 2363 South Foothill Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84109; (801) 467-7970. Utah Mining Association, 825 Kearns Building, Salt Lake City, UT 84101; (801) 364-1874.

VIRGINIA National Independent Coal Operators Association, 1514 Front St., P.O. Box 354, Richlands, VA 24641; (703) 964-6065. Virginia Center for Coal and Energy Research, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 617 Main St., Blacksburg, VA 24060-0411; 1-800-552-3831. Virginia Coal Association, 425 Old City Hall, 1001 E. Broad St., Richmond, VA 23219; (804) 643-6697. Virginia Coal Council, 1901 Front St., P.O. Box X, Richlands, VA 24641; (703) 964-6363. Virginia Department of Mines, Minerals, and Energy, Division of Energy, 2201 West Broad St., Richmond, VA 23220; (804) 367-6851. Virginia Department of Mines, Minerals, and Energy, Division of Mineral Resources, Alderman and McCormick Roads, Box 3667, Charlottesville, VA 22903; (804) 293-5121. Virginia Department of Mines, Minerals, and Energy, Division of Mineral Mining, 7705 Timberlake Road, Box 4499, Lynchburg, VA 24502; (804) 239-0602. Virginia Department of Mines, Minerals, and Energy, Division of Mines, 2201 West Broad St., Richmond, VA 23220; (804) 367-0330.

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Virginia Department of Mines, Minerals, and Energy, Division of Mines, 219 Wood Road, Big Stone Gap, VA 24219; (703) 523-0335. Virginia Mining & Reclamation Association, 18 Seventh St., Park Avenue Center, Suite 203, Norton, VA 24273; (703) 6790456.

WASHINGTON Northwest Mining Association, 414 Peyton Building, Spokane, WA 99201; (509) 624-1158. Washington Department of Labor and Industries, Division of Industrial Safety and Health, Technical Services Division, Box 44651, Building #6, Olympia, WA 98504; (206) 956-5642. Washington Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geology and Earth Resources, Mail Stop 47007, Olympia, WA 98504; (206) 902-1450. Washington Department of Natural Resources, Division of Lands and Minerals, Mail Stop 47014, Olympia, WA 98504; (206) 902-1600. Washington State Energy Office, 925 Plum, Olympia, WA 98504; (206) 956-2000.

WEST VIRGINIA Governor's Office of Community and Industrial Development, Building 6, 553 Capitol Complex, Charleston, WV 25305; (304) 558-4010. Tri-State Coal Operators Association, Inc., P.O. Box 259, Kingwood, WV 26537; (304)-329-0976. West Virginia Coal Association, 1301 Laidley Tower, Charleston, WV 25301; (304) 342-4153. West Virginia Department of Commerce, Labor and Environmental Resources, Office of Miner's Health and Safety Training, State Capitol Complex, Bldg. 1, Rm. M1-46, 1900 Kanawha Boulevard East, Charleston, WV 25305-0310; (304) 558-0400. West Virginia Division of Natural Resources, State Capitol Complex, Building 3, 1900 Kanawha Boulevard East, Charleston, WV 25305 (304) 558-2754. West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey, Mont Chateau Research Center, Box 879, Morgantown, WV 26507-0879; (304) 594-2331. West Virginia Mining & Reclamation Association, 1624 Kanawha Boulevard East, Charleston, WV 25311; (304) 346-5318.

WYOMING Geological Survey of Wyoming, P.O. Box 3008, University Station, Laramie, WY 82701; (307) 766-2286. Wyoming Department of Commerce, Division of Economic and Community Development, Barrett Building, Cheyenne, WY 82002; (307) 777-7284.
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Wyoming Department of Revenue, Mineral Tax Division, Herschler Building, 122 W. 25th St., Cheyenne, WY 82002-0110; (307) 777-7215. Wyoming Mining Association, 1700 West Lincoln Way, Cheyenne, WY 82001; (307) 635-0331. Wyoming State Inspector of Mines, P.O. Box 1094, Northwide State Bank Building, Rock Springs, WY 82902; (307) 3625222.

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Glossary

Glossary
Anthracite: A hard, black, lustrous coal (sometimes called “hard coal”); the highest rank of coal in the coalification series, with a high heat value and low sulfur content; relatively small amounts are mined in northeastern Pennsylvania. Ash: Impurities consisting of silica, iron, alumina, and other incombustible matter. Bituminous coal: The most common coal; ranks between anthracite and subbituminous coal in the coalification series; includes coal with the highest heat value and a wide range in sulfur content; mined predominantly in Appalachia. Btu (British thermal unit): The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 pound of water (approximately 1 pint) by 1 degree Fahrenheit; a convenient measure by which to compare the energy content of various fuels. Coal gasification: The process of breaking down the molecular structure of coal to produce hydrogen and carbon, which can be combined to form synthetic natural gas for energy use or, if further processed, to produce chemicals. Coal gasification plants are in North Dakota, Louisiana, and Tennessee. Coal preparation plant: A facility where coal is crushed, screened, and cleaned to remove impurities such as rock and sulfur, and to meet market specifications. Coke: Produced from coking (metallurgical) coal, coke is hard and porous; used mainly as a fuel and reducing agent in a blast furnace to smelt iron ore for steelmaking. Coking coal (metallurgical coal): A bituminous coal, low in ash and sulfur, that can be converted into coke when baked in an oven; in practice, several coals are blended to produce coke. Demonstrated Reserve Base of coal: The part of the coal in the ground (coal resource) that meets certain criteria for geologic reliability and economic minability; the starting point for most coal supply analyses.
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Federal coal lease: A lease granted to a mining company to produce coal from land owned and administered by the Federal Government in exchange for royalties and other revenues. Indian coal lease: A lease granted to a mining company to produce coal from Indian lands in exchange for royalties and other revenues; obtained by direct negotiation with the Indians, but subject to approval and administration by the U.S. Department of the Interior. Lignite: Coal that ranks below subbituminous coal in the coalification series, with the lowest heat value and a low sulfur content; generally not economical to ship long distances because of its low heat content and its potential for spontaneous combustion when stored for extended periods; produced as a fuel in Texas, North Dakota, Louisiana, and Montana, and as a source of montan wax in California. Open-pit coal mine: A surface mine that produces from steeply inclined coalbeds. Recoverable Reserves of coal: The part of the Demonstrated Reserve Base that can be economically recovered after allowing for environmental, legal, and technologic constraints. Subbituminous coal: Coal that ranks between bituminous coal and lignite in the coalification series; generally has a low sulfur content and a comparatively low heat value; produced in the West and Alaska. Sulfur: One of the elements present in varying quantities in coal that contributes to environmental degradation when coal is burned; occurs most commonly as the mineral pyrite. Surface coal mine: A mine where the soil and rock (overburden) are removed to expose the coalbed, which is then excavated with equipment such as power shovels and front-end loaders.

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Underground coal mine: A mine in which tunneling is used to reach the coalbed, which is then excavated with various types of equipment.

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